Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between science and society using examples from evolutionary studies of human behavior. Problems with science communication are seen clearly in human studies, but these are widely common to a certain degree for a variety of ecological studies. Biological approaches to human behavior have been criticized on numerous occasions. One of the most conspicuous examples is the sociobiology debate. E. O. Wilson published “Sociobiology” in 1975 and discussed human social behavior using evolutionary theories. R. C. Lewontin and S. J. Gould severely criticized Wilson’s work because they were deeply concerned about its potential risk for society. They emphasized the problems of “the dual process of science”; that is, sociobiology may reflect the values and prejudices of modern societies, and further lead to the justification of the present society and the belief that no one can change the current conditions. They also addressed how research findings are often used for purposes that are very different from the researchers’ intentions. With reference to the criticisms and recent examples, including my own study on fertility decline, I consider how we should conduct evolutionary and ecological studies. I also discuss the social role of academic societies.
