叛逆する若者たち

【パピーニ、プレッツォリーニの参戦運動（一九一四―一五年）】

抄録

  The objective of this article is to make clear why and how the catchword “War and Revolution” was created from the dialogue in 1914 and 1915 between two Italian journals, La Voce and Lacerba, founded by Giovanni Papini (1881-1956) and Giuseppe Prezzolini (1882-1982) respectively, and describes how the catchword consolidated the mob as a political power against the Italian parliamentary regime, which was incited to participate in the Great War.

  The article argues the following theses. First, the philosopher of Naples, Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), sharing the noble spirit of Francesco De Sanctis (1817-1883), one of the politicians in the Risorgimento, started cultural activities aimed at the “philosophical awakening” in Italy. This campaign was hailed by two members of the younger generation of Florence, Papini and Prezzolini, with whom Croce collaborated to criticize positivism. Croce inspired Prezzolini to found the journal La Voce in 1908, which gathered various writers and worked for political and cultural innovation in Italy. Second, while Prezzolini understood the rational position of Croce and continued to cooperate with him, Papini, with huge philosophical ambition, opposed not only positivism but also Croce as a new cultural authority, and founded the irrational journal Lacerba. Third, even though the two journals differed, they had the same basis of promoting political and cultural innovation in Italy. However, the parliamentary system could not satisfy the demands of mass society. Seeing the Settimana rossa revolt against the government on the 7^th June 1914, Papini and Prezzolini could not hope for the innovation of the political system and came to consider the possibility of revolution. When the Great War broke out in July 1914, they did not want innovation any more, and began the dialogue between the two journals in order to discuss revolution in Italy. Creating the catchword “War and Revolution”, they had a great deal of influence on public opinion.

  This catchword, interpreted in various ways, was accepted by every group that wanted Italy to participate in the War. Prezzolini, hoping for direct leadership in the revolution, abandoned his position as chief editor of La Voce, and decided to help the activities of mobs in collaboration with Mussolini. In the squares of Rome, the logic did not work. The mobs, which contained nationalists, revolutionary socialists, and futurists, were united against the common enemy and had recourse to violence, destroying the parliament and assailing representatives. Under such a menace, on 20^th May 1914, the Italian parliament passed a bill making the War acceptable.