マルクスにおける所有と自由

抄録

  Marx pointed out that ‘freedom’ in modern bourgeois society has a double meaning; while each person, as a free personality, has the right to dispose of his or her own labour power at will, they are free to starve because they are detached from the objective conditions of labour and reproduction. Many commentators have understood this assertion of Marx’s as a criticism of the fact that freedom in bourgeois society is only a formal guarantee of rights, and have seen Marx’s theory of freedom as a criticism of bourgeois egoism. Such an interpretation, however, results from a failure to engage adequately with the analysis of freedom in Das Kapital and its earlier drafts. Marx criticised the fact that in bourgeois society, being a commodity owner is required as a condition of freedom in order to be free, and that the ownerless, deprived of the objective conditions of labour and reproduction, are necessarily forced and crippled to sell their labour power in order to be free in the commodity economy. This paper aims to illuminate Marx’s idea of the decoupling of freedom and property, focusing in particular on the original manuscripts of Kritik der politischen Ökonomie.