サラワク州イバン村落の世帯にみられる生業選択

抄録

This paper examines livelihood diversity and flexibility in a village located near Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. At present, a single typical livelihood of the Iban or an Iban village no longer exists, because the Iban easily adapted their livelihood in accordance with the local socio-economic changes. Even within a village, there are occupational options and periodic changes for each household. Studies on the Iban:zs livelihood have so far focused on the individual household (bilek farnily) unit This paper extends those analyses to stress the importance of the functions of household members, with respect to the conditions of labor, such as a number of household members capable of working and their ages and sex, character and work and activity preference, and individual skills. Individual members who have different characteristics and abilities contribute to a diverse and flexible way of livelihood characteristic of the Iban.
In this study, it is found that the present livelihood and the periodic livelihood changes were brought about through the activities of individual members of households. Presently, in the village studied, various kinds of livelihood activities are practiced, including: planting wet paddy, pepper cultivation, rattan basketry, logging, and waged work outside the village. Preference for these activities by each household is different. Some households engage in all of the above-mentioned activities, while others only work for a wage. Waged work outside the village seems important, but some households make a living without it. Periodic changes in livelihood relate to changes in socio-economic conditions. Major changes occurred before the 19405 (the main activities were hill and wet paddy cultivation and wild rubber tapping), from the 1950s to the 1970s (main occupations were wet paddy cultivation and Para rubber tapping), and after the mid-l980s (various kinds of activities as mentioned above).