運動技能の制御・学習への力学系理論からの接近

抄録

Motor control and learning are among the main themes in sport psychology. The development of research regarding motor control and learning encompasses two different approaches: the information processing or computational approach and the ecological or dynamical system approach. The motor program is a key concept in the information processing approach, derived from the development of informatics. Schema theory and the hypothesis of practice variability were supported by various motor tasks. On the other hand, the ecological perspective was developed in relation to the problem of degrees of freedom. The concept of self-organization was applied to the generation of movement patterns through applications of the dynamical system to individual skills. When applied to the act of striking a tennis ball, the dynamical system with temporal input revealed a fractal transition between two attractors during switching between forehand and backhand strokes. Based on these results, a new training method was proposed, and the effect was examined. Next, concerning interpersonal skills, the synchronization of two opposing players was examined in games of tag and kendo using relative phase analysis based on oscillator dynamics. The anti-phase synchronization of the forward-backward step movement was increased with learning sessions in playing tag. Expert kendo players also switched between anti-phase and in-phase movements corresponding to the critical interpersonal distance. The triadic coordination of a 3-vs.-1 ball possession task was examined from the perspective of symmetry breaking, and the expert showed less symmetry breaking. The simulation results were confirmed based on the social force model, and the cooperative force was identified as most important. Training equipment that enhanced cooperative force was developed, and the effects were examined. Finally, we proposed that future research should focus on interpersonal skills as sport skills.