Abstract
This study examines the social equity implications of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Jakarta, Indonesia, using the Node-Place-People (NPP) framework to identify areas vulnerable to gentrification-induced displacement. While TOD provides benefits such as reduced congestion and emissions, it might also exacerbate social inequalities through rising property values that displace low-income residents. This research analyzed 75 railway stations across Jakarta's four major transit systems—KAI Commuterline, MRT Jakarta, LRT Jakarta, and LRT Jabodebek—using 800-meter catchment areas. Three composite indices were constructed using Principal Component Analysis: Node Index (transportation performance), Place Index (land use characteristics), and People/Vulnerability Index (socioeconomic conditions). K-means clustering identified five distinct station typologies: vulnerable, transit hub, urban, suburban, and downtown stations. The results found significant imbalances across the three dimensions, with several high-connectivity, well-developed areas also housing socially vulnerable populations, indicating locations where future transit-driven development pressure may warrant anti-displacement monitoring. The study identified stations such as Duri and Tanah Abang as areas where socially disadvantaged populations co-locate with transit infrastructure, requiring precautionary policy attention as the network expands. The research proposes policy recommendations tailored to each station area typologies to guide policymakers in Jakarta to pursue equitable TOD implementation that promotes sustainable urban development while mitigating displacement risks, ensuring transit investments benefit all residents.
https://ror.org/057zh3y96 
