The phylogeography of four, native species of trees in Sundaland, Campnosperma auriculatum, Pometia pinnata, Polyscias diversifolia, and Trema orientalis, was compared. MaxEnt v.3.4.1, was used to determine their potential distribution. The AUC values ranged from 0.871–0.885. Ground sampling of 699 individuals throughout the study area was conducted after validating the model. Eighteen cpDNA regions in the selected populations were tested, and three regions with the highest nucleotide diversity (π) in each species were analyzed. Using the Median-Joining (MJ) method and AMOVA analysis, haplotype networks were constructed to reveal population structures and geographic patterns. Pairwise F_ST analysis among the islands in Sundaland confirmed Sumatra to be the central hub of the shared haplotypes. Evaluation of the F_CT value suggested that haplotype distinctions were likely between the northern and southern parts of Sundaland, while differences between the eastern and western parts were comparatively moderate. Rare haplotypes were identified across various regions of Sundaland, and were particularly abundant in central and northern Sumatra.

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Monophyllaea kazuea Nur Athirah Nabihah & Meekiong, a new one-leaf plant species from Western Sarawak, Malaysia, is described and illustrated. This species is distinguished from M. glauca by the presence of hairs on all parts of the plant, whereas M. glauca has a glabrous petiolode and peduncle. Apart from the oblong-lanceolate leaf, long uniseriate tapering hairs on all sections of the plant, and a white corolla with a green/yellow mark on the palate, M. kazuea is comparable to M. glauca. The population is found exclusively on Mount Stulang, suggesting that it may be endemic to this region.

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The circumscription of Aster (Asteraceae) in Japan has been a subject of controversy. Its intrageneric phylogeny has also not been clearly elucidated. This study presents a well-resolved and strongly supported phylogenetic tree for the Japanese species of Aster based on complete sequences of the chloroplast genome. The results support the inclusion of Rhynchospermum verticillatus in Aster while also retaining the remaining species within Aster.

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The floral biology of Ludwigia ovalis Miq. (Onagraceae) was investigated in the field and under cultivation. It was confirmed that cleistogamous flowers were formed on submerged shoots and successfully set seed by self-pollination. Chasmogamous flowers on emergent and terrestrial shoots opened early in the morning and anthesis occurred on the same day. The stamens leaned toward the stigma in late afternoon, resulting in autonomous self-pollination. High fruit and seed sets of bagged flowers supported the dominance of autogamy. In addition, six ant species were observed to visit the flowers and forage for nectar. They moved around on the flowers and promoted geitonogamy and/or cross pollination as well as selfpollination. Although pollination by ants has often been negatively discussed, the present study showed that ants can play the role of pollinators in L. ovalis.

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Zeuxine Lind. consists of approximately 80 species distributed across tropical and southern Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia, New Guinea, northeastern Australia, and the southwestern Pacific islands. In Japan, among species of Zeuxine with ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic leaves, the only species typically exhibiting a yellow lip is Zeuxine boninensis Tuyama, along with its infraspecific variant Z. boninensis var. actinomorpha T. Yukawa. A new taxon of Zeuxine with yellow-lipped flowers from Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, is described as Z. boninensis var. subactinomorpha Suetsugu. This taxon closely resembles Z. boninensis var. boninensis but can be distinguished by its partially peloric lip whose anterior part is not bi-lobulate. We also suggest that Z. pingtungensis T. C. Hsu is a synonym of Z. boninensis var. actinomorpha.

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Based on a morphological examination of herbarium specimens, Heteroscyphus planus (Lophocoleaceae) is reported as new to India. An illustration, ecological information, and taxonomic notes are included. Notes on the liverwort collection from India in NICH are also provided.

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