This paper reports the changes in the numbers of enterprises, employees and degrees of industrial agglomeration by 3-digit industry group during 2001–2016, based on Japanese Economics Census. It is essentially a report of the recent economic states and changes but does not aim at a complex development of theoretical or empirical methodologies.

During this period, “hollowing-out” of the industries has characterized most of the changes in the indices. Local indices tend to have similarity to traditional indices of concentration/agglomeration but global indices sometimes indicate other movements of the industries.

The COVID-19 crisis makes businesses and their employees to increase remotely work. Since Japan’s workforce is rapidly aging, the shortage of drivers is obvious. Hence many Japanese bus companies sank deeper into the red. Public bus service requires careful planning, coordination between passengers. We extend the existing analytical facility model where bus service is financed by only the users to take account of asymmetry cost due to opportunity cost of bus users. First, we reveal that the consensus would induce the oversupply of bus service. Second, we demonstrate that reducing the moving up cost extends the gap between the efficient and voting outcomes.

The monocentric city theory on the spatial distribution of users has spatial constraints, but there is a certain amount of freedom regarding the shape of the decaying user density formula. On the other hand, in the facility density theory, although there are restrictions on the distribution of facility density, there is a certain amount of freedom in the location of facilities. By adjusting each amount of freedom, we can derive a user density formula for a monocentric city that corresponds to the facility density, or obtain a facility density that corresponds to the user density formula. The purpose of this study is to present a necessary and sufficient condition for proportionality between the user density and the facility density in a monocentric city. This result shows the relationship between some existing user density and the facility density formula.