Adaptation to climate change is essential, particularly in countries that are vulnerable to climate change. However, it is suggested that adaptation by public actors and adaptation by private companies may be limited and there may be disregarded regions and sectors. This is because there appear to be some barriers that limit their participation. Public Private Partnership (PPP) seems to be a promising scheme to overcome the above barriers and solve the disregard of specific regions and sectors in adaptation. Although case studies are often carried out in adaptation PPP research, it is difficult to grasp the whole picture and to make general suggestions in terms of the distribution of adaptation projects. In this context, to investigate whether the degree of disregard of regions and sectors by adaptation PPP is not remarkable, this paper sought to create a database based on 361 cases of adaptation and analyze it, comparing to what degree of regions and sectors have been disregarded across four project categories: public, private, PPP, and others. The findings showed that adaptation by PPP did not have strong standard deviation in either target regions or target sectors when compared with those of other project categories. The small standard deviation in PPP suggests that regions and sectors that are concentrated are relatively few, and regions and sectors where public and private projects are not prioritized are also included as options.

Employing the asset-based approach, this paper examines the household-level recovery of three household groups in the aftermath of the 2010 Mt. Merapi volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and the role of social protection programs. Based on a panel survey conducted in 2012, a total of 651 rural households were classified based on their different levels of disaster risk. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was used to estimate recovery parameters. The study revealed that in regard to pre-eruptions productive assets, it is not only the extent of damage caused by the eruptions that determines a household's recovery but also the household's initial asset level. Households living in low risk areas that had the lowest level of productive assets experienced slower recovery even though they sustained only a modest level of damage. Raskin social protection program accelerated recovery for households in high risk areas. On the contrary, it decelerated recovery for households in medium risk areas. The findings of the study suggest that apart from the extent of eruptions damage, government must also consider the household's initial asset level when allocated aid for disaster affected households. Lowest assets households are more sensitive to shocks and experience slower recovery after hit by volcanic eruptions.

In a hope to supplement park usage researches based on big data at a block scale, this study taking Shanghai Lujiazui Central Park as an object, conducted a survey on workdays on job-residence location of park visitors to find out differences between daytime and nighttime. The results shown that the number of visitors at night was much smaller than that of the day, and nighttime visitors were more likely to be active for a shorter period of time. Meanwhile, the number of visitors to the park was related to the commute time (9:00-18:00), thereby, there were more visitors from 10:00 to17:00. The impacts of visitor’s job-residence location on park usage was defined by the direct-line distance to the park. Both direct-line distances of workplace-park and residence-park have a positive impact on the activity time and number of visitors. However, the workplace-park distance during the day has less positive impact on the activity time and the number of visitors than at night. Besides, residence-park distance has a more significant positive impact on the number of visitors to the park at night. The study park mainly served the office crowd during daytime. The nighttime visitors are mainly nearby residents, with a much lower number of visitors than daytime. It is appropriate to use the block scale to study and analyze the status quo of one or more parks in Shanghai.