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Peter K. L. Ng, Shigemitsu Shokita
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
1-7
Published: December 15, 1995
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A new genus, Ryukyum, is established for the terrestrial potamid crab from Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands, the southern Ryukyus, Japan, Nanhaipotamon yaeyamense Minei, 1973. The new genus differs from Nanhaipotamon s. str. in the structure of the sternum, third maxilliped, male abdomen, and male first and second gonopods.
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Seiji Goshima, Kenji Ito, Satoshi Wada, Motohiro Shimizu, Shigeru Naka ...
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
8-18
Published: December 15, 1995
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Reproductive cycle, mating behavior and early growth of the stone crab Hapalogaster dentata were studied from September 1989 to November 1994 at Kattoshi, Hakodate Bay, Japan. Histological examination and appearance of ovigerous females revealed that the spawning season is from October to November, females oviposit once a year, and eggs are incubated for about 110 days. Size at female sexual maturity is 8 mm carapace length when they are two or more years old. During the mating season, a male guards a ripe female just prior to oviposition by grasping her or covering her with his body. Although such guarding behavior is commonly observed for the Lithodinae, this is the first description for Hapalogastrinae which belongs to the same family, Lithodidae. The guarded female undergoes molting, and immediate spawning after copulation, during the two or three days of guarding, which suggests that mate guarding might deprive other competitive males of access to ripe females. Although H. dentata shows some differences to lithodine crabs, such as smaller body size, fewer eggs, and no seasonal or size dependent migration, these reproductive behaviors strongly resemble those of the Lithodinae, which suggests the behavioral relatedness of both subfamilies.
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Michio Imafuku, Yukihiro Nakamura
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
19-22
Published: December 15, 1995
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Hermit crabs occupying gastropod shells that contained some remnants of the soft parts of the snail were found in the gill net collections obtained from a sandy sea bed off Kuroi, Niigata Prefecture. They were 3 individuals of Diogenes spinifrons and 1 individual of D. edivardsii. Scrapes left on the operculum of a snail indicated that it was attacked by the crab when it was alive. Tank observations suggested that the crabs consumed the remnants as food. A possibility of dual functions of such shells as a new resident and food source is discussed.
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Satoshi Wada, Seiji Goshima, Shigeru Nakao
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
23-32
Published: December 15, 1995
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Reproductive biology of the hermit crab Pagurus middendorffii was studied from August 1992 to January 1994 in Kattoshi, located along the west side of Hakodate Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Its mating season was from late October to early December with a peak in early November. Ovigerous females were observed from October to March, with highest frequencies occurring from December to February (mean: 91.3%). Developmental stages of incubated eggs were synchronized within the population. Females were found to be able to reproduce in their first year and laying a single clutch each following year. Incubation period was about 3.5 months. While ovigerous females did not molt from November to March, male molting frequency was also low during the female incubation period. The covariation of male and female molt frequencies suggests that females do not necessarily have a growth disadvantage due to molt cessation during incubation.
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Takao Yamaguchi, Shoji Tokunaga
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
33-38
Published: December 15, 1995
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The cheliped handedness of four portunid species was examined. The statistical analysis of three species, Thalamita sima, Charybdis (Gonioneptunus) bimaculata and Charybdis (Charybdis) japonica showed no distinct increase in the percentage of left-handed crabs in relation to size. This indicates that left-handed crabs develop their handedness innately. In Portunus (Monomia) argentatus a significant increase in the percentage of left-handed individuals in relation to size was confirmed. In this species left-handedness has probably arisen following the loss of the righthanded crusher.
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Tomoyuki Komai
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
39-48
Published: December 15, 1995
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A new species of rare deep-sea caridean genus Bathypalaemonella (Bathypalaemonellidae), B. hayashii , is described and illustrated on the basis of two female specimens obtained from southeast of Amami-oshima Island at depth of 789-815 m and Tosa Bay at depths of 440-510 m, Japan. The new species appears closest to the Atlantic species B. serratipalma Pequegnat, from which it is readily distinguishable in a number of characters. It is the first representative of Bathypalaemonella from Japanese waters.
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C. L. McLay, D. J. McQueen
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
49-64
Published: December 15, 1995
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Six crab species inhabit the rocky intertidal of the South Island of New Zealand: Petrolisthes elongatus, Heterozius rotundifrons, Hemigrapsus edwardsi, H. crenulatus, Cyclograpsus lavauxi and Helice crassa. The grapsid C. lavauxi is the most abundant and ubiquitous species: its intertidal distribution was uniform between sites - the lower limit (within approximately 5 cm of MSL) and the upper limit (150 cm above MSL) being determined by the availability of suitable rocky substrate or aerial exposure. Highest densities were on sheltered rocky beaches on the open coast line. Another grapsid H. edwardsi, the major potential competitor, overlapped with C. lavauxi between 0 and 100 cm above MSL. Gut content analysis suggested that both species feed almost exclusively on the same brown algae. Tide tank experiments suggested that the zonation of both species is primarily associated with tidal exposure times. At field sites where H. edwardsi was absent, the lower limit of C. lavauxi was unchanged. Our results support the hypothesis that interspecific interactions are of little, if any, importance in determining intertidal distribution of these grapsid crabs.
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Tadashi Kawai, Tatsuo Hamano, Shuhei Matsuura
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
65-68
Published: December 15, 1995
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Molting and growth of the Japanese freshwater crayfish Cambaroides japonicus (de Haan, 1841) was examined in laboratory reared specimens. The relationships between pre- and postmolt carapace lengths and between premolt carapace length and growth factor are described and expressed by single line regression equations for both sexes. The number of ecdyses per molting season decreases with increasing body size.
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Kooichi Konishi, Hideo Takeoka, Hajime Taishaku
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
69-77
Published: December 15, 1995
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The first zoea of a deepwater crab, Paromola macrochira Sakai, is described based on laboratory-reared material. Larval characters of described zoeas of the family Homolidae are compared and discussed together with those of the other archaeobrachyuran families. Within the genus Paromola, the zoea of P. macrochira much resembles that of P. cuvieri (Risso), but differs from that of P. japonica Parisi mainly in maxilla and carapace ornamentation. Homolid and dromiid zoeas have many anomuran features in common, and two types are recognized among them. The zoeas of the Raninidae show a number of larval characters of the higher brachyurans. The zoeas of the Latreillidae also closely resemble those of the Homolidae, but can be distinguished by the setation of the endopod of maxilliped 2. It is suggested that homolid and latreillid zoeas seem to show an intermediate level of evolutionary processes between morphologically advanced raninids and more primitive dromiids.
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Nguyen Ngoc-Ho
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
78-84
Published: December 15, 1995
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An amended definition of Neogebicula Sakai, 1982 is given after examination of type materials, all females, ofN. wistari new species and N. alaini Sakai, 1982. Neogebicula posesses several unusual characters among the Upogebiidae. These are discussed. Neogebicula, so defined, comprises only three species at present: N. alaini Sakai, type species, N. wistari new species, and (provisionally) N. monochela (Sakai, 1967).
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Hirofumi Ohmori, Satoshi Wada, Seiji Goshima, Shigeru Nakao
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
85-92
Published: December 15, 1995
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Shell availability and shell utilization patterns of the hermit crab Pagurus filholi (de Man) were studied on a rocky shore at Kattoshi, Hakodate Bay, Japan. Quantitative sampling revealed that the proportion of Reticunassa and Littorina shells used by hermit crabs was significantly higher than the relative abundance of these gastropods. Since shell-species preference tests revealed that P. filholi preferred Reticunassa shells, it is suggested that shell-species preference is one of the factors that influence shell utilization. Shell adequacy index (SAI) decreased with increasing crab size for each shell type, and hermit crabs used relatively suitable shells (SAI=1) when shell availability was high. Larger crabs used smaller than preferred shell sizes (SAI<1) and smaller crabs used larger than preferred shell sizes (SAI>1) with decreasing shell abundance. Shell species used by the hermit crab changed with increasing crab size. Therefore, it is suggested that hermit crabs obtain relatively suitable shells by changing shell species.
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Sachiko Suzuki, Kenji Yamasaki
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
93-103
Published: December 15, 1995
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The process of sexual differentiation of the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare was studied morphologically during early stages of post-embryonic development. Sexual differentiation of gonads was first observed in the testes at the fourth stage. Male endopodites, which develop later into male copulatory organs as one of secondary sexual characters, started to elongate at the fifth stage. The androgenic glands were observed morphologically at the sixth stage. This study suggests that the gonadal primordia start to differentiate into testes in the absence of visible androgenic glands in male A. vulgare. The developmental process of male internal and external sexual characters in malacostracan Crustacea were discussed.
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Diana G. B. Chia, K. L. Ng
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
104-127
Published: December 15, 1995
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The genus Rhabdonotus A. Milne Edwards, 1879, is revised. The identity of Rhabdonotus pictus A. Milne Edwards, 1879, is clarified. A specimen from Singapore is designated as the simultaneous neotype of Rhabdonotus pictus A. Milne Edwards, 1879, and its junior synonym, Caphyra archeri Walker, 1887. Two new species, Rhabdonotus pilipes and Rhadonotus xynon, are described. A key to the three species is provided. The first zoeal stage of R. pictus A. Milne Edwards, 1879, is also described for the first time.
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Satoshi Kobayashi, Shuhei Matsuura
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
128-136
Published: December 15, 1995
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The population structure, growth, migration and participation in reproduction of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus was studied, based on the size and density distribution and variation in sex ratio along the Kaminokawa River, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Crabs were collected using crab baskets between September, 1985 and August, 1986. In the freshwater area, the proportion of large crabs (55 mm≦ CW) increased while the number of crabs per basket (CPUE values) decreased with distance upstream, and the sex ratio also became female-biased with distance upstream. Over one year, the sex ratio among the large crabs was female-biased; among the small crabs it was male-biased. In the brackish-water area, the sex ratio was male-biased, but during the breeding season, a female-bias among large crabs and a male-bias among small crabs was noted. Consequently, we suggest that female crabs migrate upstream in larger numbers than male crabs. During the breeding season, the crabs which participate in reproduction consist of female-biased large crabs migrating downstream from the upper regions as well as male-biased small crabs migrating from the lower regions of the river.
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Christopher P. Norman
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
137-145
Published: December 15, 1995
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To determine the effectiveness of possessing toxins as a defense mechanism in crabs, the level of limb loss was examined in a poisonous crab Atergatis floridus. Crabs were collected individually using SCUBA between June 1990 and December 1992. The sex ratio approximated 1:1. Significant levels of limb loss were observed in both males and females, but limb loss frequency differed between sexes. Higher frequencies of limb loss were found in males (41.3% with limb loss) than females (18.4%). Site of loss also differed between sexes, with males having a higher loss of the walking legs 1, 3 and 4 than the chelipeds and leg 2 (P<0.01). Females have a more random pattern of limb loss. In conclusion, A. floridus was found to have a similar degree of limb loss to other reported crab studies. In situ observations of the behaviour of A floridus and predator interactions suggest the ecological benefit from the possession of toxins as a primary anti-predation strategy may be less effective than initially suspected.
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Richard von Sternberg, Hiroshi Motoh
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
146-156
Published: December 15, 1995
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A cladistic analysis was performed to determine genealogical relationships among subgenera of the shrimp genus Penaeus and for species in the American subgenera Farfantepenaeus and Litopenaeus. Using a combination of genital and somatic characters, Penaeus subgenera were found to exhibit the following pattern of relationships: [Litopenaeus [Fenneropenaeus [Penaeus s.s. [Melicertus - Farfantepenaeus - Marsupenaeus ]]]]. Four genital synapomorphies divide Farfantepenaeus into 2 species groups: a P. (F.) brasiliensis complex consisting of P. (F.) brasiliensis, P. (F.) californiensis, P. (F. ) duorarum, and P. (F.) notialis and a P. (F.) aztecus complex comprised of P. (F.) aztecus, P. (F.) brevirostris, P. (F.) paulensis, and P. (F.) subtHis. Additional characters permitted a phylogenetic hypothesis to be developed for Farfantepenaeus taxa. Fortytwo genital character states revealed the species in the subgenus Litopenaeus to have the following relationships: [P. (L.) vannamei [P. (L.) occidentalis [P. (L.) stylirostris [P. (L.) schmitti - P. (L.) setiferus]]]]. Evolutionary patterns in the genus are discussed.
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Masayuki Osawa
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
157-187
Published: December 15, 1995
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The zoeae of four Petrolisthes species, P. japonicus, P. coccineus, P. carinipes and P. pubescens, are de scribed and illustrated on the basis of materials reared in the laboratory. It took 12-17 days under laboratory conditions from hatching to end of the second zoeal stage. Petrolisthesjaponicus is morphologically distinguishable through the zoeal stages from the other three species by the maxillule, the endopod of the first maxilliped and the telson. The first zoea of P. japonicus in the present study differs from those in previous studies in the numbers of antennular aesthetascs and spines on the basis of the maxillule. The genus Petrolisthes is divided into six groups based on six morphological characters in the first and second zoeae, representing the heterogeneity of the genus in the adult morphology.
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Keiji Baba
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
188-193
Published: December 15, 1995
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Munidopsis sonne new species herein described from the North Fiji Basin is the seventh species of Munidopsis associated with active thermal vents. It is related to M. hastifer Benedict, 1902, and M. serratifrons A. Milne Edwards, 1880, in the serrate rostral lateral margins and tuberculate carapace but differentiated from these species by the presence of epipods on pereopods 1-3 and lack of distinct spines on the carapace and abdomen.
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Takashi Kikkawa, Yasuhiko Nakahara, Tatsuo Hamano, Ken-Ichi Hayashi, Y ...
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
194-202
Published: December 15, 1995
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The abdominal chromatophores of the first and second zoeae were examined in five amphidromous atyid shrimps, which are widely distributing in southwest Japan: Caridina serratirostris De Man, C. typus H. Milne Edwards, C. leucosticta Stimpson, C. japonica De Man, and Paratya compressa compressa (De Haan) (small egg type). Chromatophore distribution pattern of larvae was found to be an effective character to identify respective species.
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Masayuki Terada
Article type: Article
1995 Volume 24 Pages
203-209
Published: December 15, 1995
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Early zoeal stages of Deiratonotus japonicus (Sakai, 1934) were obtained under laboratory conditions. Morphological characters of the first and second zoeae are described and illustrated, and compared with those of other known zoeae of the Camptandriinae and Macrophthalminae. The zoeae of the camptandriinid species can be distinguished from those of the macrophthalminids by setal formulae of maxillular and maxillar endopods. This finding is in good agreement with the classification of adult crabs by Manning & Holthuis (1981). Keys to the zoeae of the camptandriinid species and the ocypodid sub families are given.
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Article type: Bibliography
1995 Volume 24 Pages
210-215
Published: December 15, 1995
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Article type: Appendix
1995 Volume 24 Pages
216-
Published: December 15, 1995
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