Higher education institutions (HEIs) are now faced with profound changes which have diffused around the world. Owing to massification in higher education, crucial role in ‘knowledge society’ and marketization coupled with globalization, HEIs have been given more institutional autonomy in management. However, the increased autonomyhas been introduced by exchange of strengthen external accountability to the society and the public through an instrument of evaluation, quality assurance and funding etc. Corporatization for national universities in Japan is also placed on this trend, although the transformation is considered a hybrid of education reform and public sector reform. Analyzing the activities and behavior of the stakeholders like universities, government and society, we will examine whether or not the new scheme would result in successful outcomes through accountability mechanism. Also a new framework for analyzing accountability of HEIs will be shown.

Under the stagnant enrollment and economic recession, many private universities introduced the strategic management more recently. The purpose of this paper is to figure out how the strategic management influence on the financial improvement of Japanese private universities. To do so, I conducted a questionnaire survey about the financial management of private universities in Japan.

The main findings were as follows. (1) To share aims and policies within institution have an effect on securing student enrollment and good controls on spending. (2) The long and medium-term vision and strategy, the operationalized annual plan and the setting of performance indicator have a positive impact on share aims and policies within the campus. (3) In the small institutions, the long and medium-term vision and strategy have no impact on financial improvement. That is, the effective way to share policies within intuitions varies by institutions’ size.

As the importance of university management has been increasing, the development of the “university management staff” with enough competence and skills is an urgent issue in Japan. But the details of situation and process of acquisition of required competence for them are not well understood. With a focus on the private university staff, this paper aims to confirm the competence necessary for the “university management staff” shown in the previous studies, analyze the degree and structure of acquiring such competence and clarify the problems on the development and training of the “university management staff.”

The financial aid programs are one of the policy issues in Chinese higher education. After a long historical evolution, the financial aid programs including loans, subsidies, assistance, and tuition exemption has been formed. The programs are closely related to reforms of national financing systems and to ideas of equal opportunity. These programs played an important role, but at the same time some problems occurred, especially at the local higher education institutions. This paper attempts to analyze the status quo and the implementation effect of the financial aid program through the questionnaire to students of a regional university.

Study time is one of the measurable and informative indexes of learning behavior. This paper studies the effect of college students’ study time on learning outcomes by classifying study time into three categories- time for attending classes (study time A), time for preparing for classes or reviewing previous classes (study time B), and time for spontaneous study other than class requirements (study time C). One of the major findings is that study time B and C increase learning outcomes significantly. Study time A does not have a significant effect in both fields of humanities/social sciences and natural sciences/engineering. By contrast in medicine/other health related fields, study time A has significant influences and they differ depending on the type of learning outcomes: it has a positive effect on acquiring special knowledge but negative effect on acquiring generic skills. These results suggest that it is important for college to encourage students to study more outside of classes in view of differences among fields of study.

Waseda University (private higher education institutions) implemented four major fund- raising campaigns during the period from the mid-Meiji to the Taisho period. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the reality of the fund-raising campaigns, especially from the viewpoint of the balance of payments and appropriateness for the plans, and characteristic of the donors. To solve these exercises, this paper adopted quantitative analysis by using the historical financial records and the lists of donators, which were not often used as historical materials.

The result of financial analysis indicated the donation had a great contribution to the financial health. Waseda University sometimes faced deficit in the current account and didn't have much surplus so that donations were imperative to build assets. However some campaigns often put the plan into execution with relying on loan and dropped part of the plan, which meant the campaigns were not sophisticated plan.

The analysis of the lists of donators showed there were two main factors. The first was that Waseda University could collect donation from not only Tokyo but also other big local cities. The second was that the donation came from not only the alumni of Waseda but also other non-Waseda wealthy people.

Income from private giving is now becoming as an important measure of higher education policy and university management in Japan. This paper reviews the empirical studies for donations to higher education in the US. In reviewing environmental factors, many studies show that stock prices have positive effect on donating behavior, while the impact of government tax policies and government expenditure for higher education varies among studies. Second, for institutional factors, many studies reveal that enrollment size, endowment size, student economic affluence and forms of institutional establishment have significant effects on donating behavior. On the other hand, the empirical studies on college quality and fundraising efforts show inconsistent results. Third, in individual level studies, a number of studies show that income, age, employment status, race, extracurricular activities in college, contact with college after graduation, a sense of belonging to the college and scholarship award experience affect donating behavior. In contrast, gender, marital status, family structure, satisfaction with college life, and learned behavior in college give spotty results. Lastly, this paper suggests a need for more empirical research on the tax effect on donors in higher education, the mechanism of stock price effect, and international comparative analysis in this field.

Various efforts for teaching improvement are introduced in recent Japan. The purpose of this article is to study faculty collaboration in teaching as an attempt because the concept of faculty collaboration in teaching is still ambiguous and its situation is not widespread. In the first section, college teaching is treated as an organized activity and faculty collaboration in teaching is positioned in the stream of teaching improvement. In the second section, the limitation of curriculum research in arguing faculty collaboration in teaching is shown and the concept of “collaborative teaching” is given. In the third section, research trend of “collaborative teaching” in the United States is surveyed and in the last section, the research direction of “collaborative teaching” in the future is provided with an analytical framework.

The for-profit universities in Japan are classified into three types: public company, subsidiary of public company and private company.

The first type includes Business Breakthrough University and Japan Professional School of Education. Their management stability is relatively higher than others. Especially, the former has thicker capital cushion.

The second type composes of LCA University and Cyber University, and depends on their parent companies in terms of stability and continuity. University management may be easily influenced by business conditions of the parent company.

The third type includes LEC Graduate School of Accountancy and Globis University Graduate School of Management. They do not seek stability and continuity about university management because of their weak financial conditions. Without serious obstacles, for-profit universities are easy to entry into the higher education market, but the accumulation of internal reserves is difficult in a system design for the payment of a dividend to stockholders and the tax.

Finally, it is concluded that for-profit universities are not necessarily superior to incorporated educational institution in terms of stability and continuity of university management at this stage.

In 2000, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology announced “ Enrichment of Student Life in Universities － Development of Universities in Support of Students” (HIRONAKA Report) that emphasized the importance of “student’s perspective”. However, in the stream of research on student affairs, the concept of “student’s perspective” is not necessarily clear. The purpose of this paper is to review research studies on student affairs from the perspective of students especially by focusing on the survey methodology and the analytical framework. As a result, the importance of constructing the integrated framework of student affairs for supporting them effectively is shown because issues and worries students face are wide and varied.

Endowments for American colleges and universities have shown steady growth for 30 years from 1977 to 2007. This study analyzes the long-term growth of endowments in 90 colleges and universities in New England comparing with the relevant consumer price index and different types of institution.

The growth rate of endowments across the types is higher than the consumer price index for every 5-year period except the first that is 1977 to 1982. The growth of endowments for major private universities and national liberal arts colleges is sometimes lower than that of other types of institutions such as land-grant universities and regional Catholic colleges. Over 30 years, the annual growth rate of the Yale endowment has continuously resembled that of the New York Stock Exchange index rather than that of the 10-year Treasury bond.