Whole-body cooling is the most effective measure against hyperthermia in a hot environment, but it is important to predict and prevent such an excessive rise of body temperature. Thermal sensation and comfort are critical for prediction. Thermal comfort depends on the core temperature, but also on information from skin temperature receptors. Thus, the thermal sensation can be altered when the condition of the skin surface changes due to radiation {i.e., ultraviolet （UV） and infrared （IR） }, evaporative cooling （i.e., sweating）， or skin lotion （i.e., foundation or insect repellant spray, etc）．The purpose of this project was to propose a countermeasure against heat stress by utilizing unique clothing. In the laboratory experiment, we investigated the change in temperature sensation due to ultraviolet irradiation and the protective effect of clothing using artificial sunlight. As a practical study, we focused on the transpirational effect of spraying micro-mist over functional innerwear, and investigated the effect of spraying micro-mist on evaporative heat loss. In addition, we conducted a questionnaire survey involving university students, including university student athletes, about their awareness of heat stroke and how to deal with it. Thermal sensation was more sensitive one day after artificial sunlight exposure, but was preserved by UV-cut wear. Spraying micro-mist promoted evaporative heat loss, making it comfortable to watch sports in a hot environment.

In this study, a feasibility study of protective clothing for automobile racing was conducted to investigate the possibility of using digital simulation methods to design efficient new protective clothing shapes and structures and to evaluate thermal/motional comfort in the future. The feasibility study included: （1） collection and reverse engineering of currently used automobile racing suits and a pit crew uniform from foreign manufacturers, and investigation of fabric specifications, structure, and sewing; （2） evaluation of the thermal comfort of each suit; （3） conversion of disassembled sewing parts into 2D data; and （4） use of a 3D cloth simulator to reproduce the shape of the suit. The results of this study showed that the digital fitting technology can be used not only for fashion apparel and sports apparel but also for protective clothing.

The purpose of this study is to examine the hat-wearing effect, which was often verified in the laboratory, in actual exercise and sports situations in a hot environment, and to present basic data for the development of hats that could be useful to combat heat stroke. In Test 1, 39 different colors and materials were examined to find what would keep the temperature inside the hat low. As a result, multi-colored cotton poly blend had the lowest temperature rise. In Test 2, two types of hat were made of cotton poly material. These hats were used to observe changes in the temperature and humidity inside the hat as well as the core body temperature of the participant during 4 kinds of sport activities. As a result, the wide vented hat had the lowest humidity rise. On the other hand, a hat with 1cm square small windows entirely was able to keep the increase rate of temperature inside the hat low by more than 15 points compared to the one with wide vent. The two types of hats were found to be superior to each other, suggesting that a sports cap with a combination of these would be highly useful.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation （bone marrow transplantation） is a curative treatment for refractory hematopoietic tumors such as leukemia and lymphoma. Various complications are known in transplantation because many drugs are used over a long period of time and the immune system remains weakened. These acute and chronic complications tend to reduce quality of life because they force behavioral restrictions.

The importance of rehabilitation based on exercise therapy has been suggested in order to reduce complications after transplantation and improve the quality of life. However, the impact of aggressive rehabilitation on post-transplant vital prognosis and quality of life remains unproven.

In this research project, detailed data on prognosis, complications, and quality of life are combined with a database on rehabilitation. Once proven effective, the goal is to popularize rehabilitation in transplant treatment and incorporate it into standard care.

AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK） activation is expected to prevent frailty. In this study, we evaluated the effects of AMPK on the behavior of aging-accelerated mice （started in Senescence Accelerated Mouse Prone 8:SAMP8） . The mice were divided into AMPK-activated monosaccharide group and control diet group. After 9 months, the mice were raised freely in the cages and analyzed by the SMART video imaging system using an open field, but there was no significant difference between the two groups （n=12） . The study did not demonstrate efficacy of this monosaccharid.

It is well known that muscle atrophy occurs as a result of aging. However, loss of muscle tissue also increases intramuscular adipose and connective tissues, which is known as deterioration of muscle quality. Ultrasound skeletal muscle images based on echo intensity （EI） are useful for assessing muscle quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate quality and quantity of skeletal muscle and physical performance of elderly individuals longitudinally. G60 and G70 groups consisted of 21 individuals with 65 or higher and 70 or lower and 27 individuals with 70 or higher and 82 or lower, respectively. EI, thicknesses of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the quadriceps, and 6 functional tests were performed at baseline and after 1 and 2 years. After two years follow-up, the EI of the vastus lateralis （VL） significantly increased in G60 and G70 groups, and muscle thickness of VL significantly decreased in G70. A significantly improvement was found in sit-up, sit-to-stand, and 5-m maximal walk tests in G60 and G70. These results suggested that age-related muscle atrophy over two years does not necessarily lead to functional impairment in older individuals.

Previous studies have reported that squeezing a soft ball with the left hand immediately before an important movement may prevent choking under pressure during games. Instead of squeezing a ball, we sought to identify an alternate material that could be attached to a uniform that an athlete can easily squeeze even during sporting games. In Study 1 we recorded electroencephalograms （EEGs）after squeezing three different materials. A fast Fourier transform （FFT）analysis showed the lowest alpha asymmetry score（AAS）for polyethylene foam. In Study 2, we asked tennis players to squeeze the polyethylene foam immediately before the execution of a second-serve task in a pressure situation. Participants exhibited higher somatic anxiety in the pressure test, and showed improved scores after squeezing the material; but this result did not reach statistical significance. Lastly, we created a prototype sports shirt, in which the polyethylene foam is embedded in the left side.

Endurance athletes have profound cardiovascular adaptations to support their outstanding aerobic performance. However, their cerebral adaptations, including the structure, neural activity, and perfusion, have not been characterized comprehensively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare young male, highly trained endurance runners with age- and sex-matched sedentary adults. Fifteen athletes and 16 sedentary adults were enrolled. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） using a 3-tesla scanner at the supine resting condition. Brain volume, cortical thickness, white matter （WM） fiber integrity, functional connectivity, and cerebral blood （CBF） and cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） flows were measured. Results showed that endurance athletes had higher WM fiber integrity than sedentary participants, as assessed by fractional anisotropy at the corpus callosum, corona radiata, and superior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Furthermore, functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate and the right frontal pole was more robust in endurance athletes than in sedentary adults. Brain volume, cortical thickness, CBF, and CSF flow were not different between groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that high-intensity endurance training strengthens the brain structural and functional connectivity in young male adults.

Resistance exercise training is effective for muscle hypertrophy, but continuous training gradually attenuates the hypertrophic effect per exercise session. Inactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 （mTORC1, which plays role in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle） after resistance exercise is involved in the mechanism. Meanwhile, mTORC1 accounts for not only muscle protein anabolic systems but also muscle protein catabolic systems. Here, we investigated the bouts dependent changes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy-lysosome system related factors, which are main protein catabolic systems in skeletal muscle, after resistance exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were resistance-exercised 10 bouts with interval of 48 hours between bouts. The resistance exercise consisted of 50 repetitions of maximal isometric contractions of the right gastrocnemius muscle, elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation under anesthesia. Immediately （0h post-RE） and 3h （3h post-RE） after the 1st and 10th exercise bouts, muscle samples were collected. The left gastrocnemius muscles were served as internal control. At 0h post-RE, the expression of ubiquitinated proteins decreased despite the number of exercise bouts. At 3h post-RE, the expression of ubiquitinated proteins increased despite the number of exercise bouts. At 0h post-RE, the expression of LC3-II （an indicator of autophagosome formation） did not change at both number of exercise bouts. At 3h post-RE, the expression of LC3-II decreased despite the number of exercise bouts. These results suggest that the response of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy-lysosome system does not change in continuous resistance exercise training, and the changes in the response of protein catabolic systems is not involved in the blunting of muscle hypertrophic effect.

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle strength and hypertrophy after low-intensity torque-matched isometric training at long muscle length （LL） and short muscle length （SL） . Thirty healthy young volunteers （16 men and 14 women; 25.2 ± 3.4 years） were assigned either to LL group or SL group, which performed isometric knee flexion training at 90ﾟ hip flexion and 30ﾟknee flexion or 90ﾟhip and knee flexion, respectively. The training program consisted of 30% of maximal voluntary contraction （MVC） with 5 sets of 20 repetitions of 5-s isometric contraction. Muscle cross-sectional area of the hamstrings and the MVC torque at 30ﾟand 90ﾟknee flexion were measured before and after 8-week training intervention. Passive torque was calculated from the knee flexion torque at rest. Active torque was calculated by subtracting passive torque from the total torque generated during training. There was no between-group difference in the total torque during training （LL group, 22.2 ± 8.1 Nm; SL group, 28.2 ± 11.2 Nm） . However, the active torque generated by muscle contraction during training was significantly lower in the LL group than SL group （LL group, 10.1 ± 6.8 Nm; SL group, 28.2 ± 11.2 Nm） . The cross-sectional area and the MVC torque at 30ﾟknee flexion significantly increased after intervention regardless of the groups. The MVC torque at 90ﾟknee flexion significantly increased after intervention in both groups, and greater increase was observed in the SL group. These results suggest that low-intensity isometric training at LL can induce similar muscle hypertrophy and strengthening as that at SL, even in cases where active torque production is lower than that at SL.

This study aimed to evaluate mechanical stress placed on each lumbar intervertebral disk during high-load back squat exercise using magnetic resonance （MR） imaging and assess the relationship between degree of mechanical stress and individual intrinsic physical factors such as lumbar lordosis angle, trunk muscle size, and lower extremity flexibility. Thirteen participants （11 males and two females） performed parallel back squat exercises （80% of one repetition maximum, eight repetitions, five sets） using a Smith machine. Sagittal MR diffusion-weighted images of the lumbar spine were obtained using a 1.5-Tesla MR system with a spine coil before and immediately after the exercise to calculate apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC; an index of water movement within tissues） values of all lumbar intervertebral disks. Additionally, lumbar lordosis angle and muscle cross-sectional area of each trunk muscle were evaluated using MR imaging before the exercise. Passive range of motions of hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were assessed using digital photos and an image processing software （Image J） before the exercise. ADC values of the L4/5 and L5/S1 intervertebral discs significantly decreased after squat exercise （P < 0.01） . However, the changes were not significantly correlated with lumbar lordosis angle, cross-sectional areas of the trunk muscles, and passive range of motion of hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion. The study findings suggest that lower lumbar intervertebral disks are subject to great mechanical stress during high-load parallel back squat exercises and that changes are not related to individual physical intrinsic factors such as lumbar lordosis angle, trunk muscle size, and lower extremity flexibility

Exercise combined with food-derived factors may have significant effects on the suppression of body fat accumulation. Several trials suggested that amino acid mixtures containing alanine, arginine, and phenylalanine （AA-Mix） combined with exercise can significantly reduce abdominal fat in overweight adults and high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. We therefore hypothesized that combining AA-Mix and exercise would significantly induce brown-like adipocyte formation, whereas either administration of AA-Mix or exercise alone would not. Administration of AA-Mix （1 g/kg） combined with exercise for 4 weeks significantly induced formation of brown-like adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue （iWAT） in mice, although AA-Mix or exercise alone did not. To clarify the mechanism that exercise combined with AA-Mix induces brown-like adipocyte formation, mice were loaded a single acute exercise for 1 h after a single administration of AA-Mix, then the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 （FGF21） and iterleukin-6 （IL-6） were examined. Plasma FGF21 concentration and the mRNA levels in the liver and iWAT did not differ between the groups after 0 and 1 h of exercise. On the contrary, plasma IL-6 concentration was significantly increased in the exercise combined with AA-Mix group compared with the exercise alone group after 1 h of exercise. These results suggest that IL-6 is involved with exercise combined with AA-Mix induced brown-like adipocyte formation. These findings demonstrate the unique effect of exercise combined with AA-Mix for inducing beige adipocyte formation.

Human whole-body movements require coordination between upper limbs and lower limbs. To achieve interlimb coordination, previous studies have demonstrated that the spinal reflex and the corticospinal excitability of the lower limb were facilitated during upper limb muscle contractions. However, it remains unknown the effect of upper limb muscle contractions on the lower limb area of the somatosensory cortex. The excitability of the somatosensory cortex has been measured using somatosensory evoked potential （SEP） , which is recorded on electroencephalography （EEG） immediately after peripheral electrical stimulation. In this study, we investigated the modulation of SEP following stimulation of the right tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa during wrist flexion. Twelve healthy males participated in the present study. The amplitudes of SEP were compared between relaxing, voluntary wrist flexion, and involuntary wrist flexion induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation （NMES） to the right median nerve. Voluntary wrist flexion and NMES-induced wrist flexion were matched 10 % of maximal voluntary force （MVF） . The results showed that neither voluntary wrist flexion nor NMES-induced wrist flexion significantly modulated any amplitudes of SEP （i.e., N40, P50, and N70） compared with the rest condition. Our results indicate that wrist flexion has no effect on the lower-limb area of the somatosensory cortex.

High incidence rate of sports-related injuries is recognized in adolescents. Although flexible flatfoot is a common foot condition in adolescent populations, the association between foot morphology and musculoskeletal function remain unclear in adolescents. Rearfoot angle in the double-limb standing position, isometric muscle strength of the knee and ankle, and morphology of the intrinsic foot muscles were measured in 39 adolescent athletes （19 boys and 20 girls） with a mean age of 13.7 years. Gait assessment during comfortable walking was investigated using plantar pressure measuring system and wearable inertial sensor. The participants were divided according to their rearfoot angle into control （less than 7ﾟ） and valgus （greater than or equal to 7ﾟ） groups. An excessive valgus rearfoot angle was detected in 33 feet （48.5%） . Although no statistical differences were observed in muscle strength of the knee, and morphology of the intrinsic foot muscles between the control and valgus groups, the valgus group demonstrated greater muscle strength in ankle dorsiflexion, higher dorsiflexion angle at heel contact. In the valgus group, the foot plantar pressure was significantly larger in hallux area, and smaller in metatarsal area and heel area. Our findings suggest that excessive rearfoot valgus affects the plantar pressure distribution and gait patterns in adolescent athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of body cooling between exercise bouts on high-intensity exercise performance in the heat. In a randomized crossover design, eighteen （9 males and 9 females） habitually trained subjects performed two （first and second half） cycling exercises with a 15-minute rest （half-time; HT） in the heat （35℃, 50% relative humidity）．The first and second half exercises consisted of 25-minute constant-paced cycling （55% of maximal oxygen uptake） and a 5-minute time trial, respectively. During HT, the participants were assigned to CON condition （ingesting 5g/kg of fluid at room temperature） or COOL condition （ingesting 5g/kg of ice slurry and wearing a cooling vest which can cool the neck, upper body, back, and side）．In males, the mean power output during time trial in the second half was significantly improved in the COOL condition compared with the CON condition, but this improvement was not observed in females. In the cool condition, physiological and subjective indicators in the HT and second half improved in both males and females. These results suggest that there was a gender difference in the effect of body cooling during the HT in the heat. In conclusion, the combination of internal and external cooling used in this study may reduce the risk of heat-related illness, but may not improve high-intensity exercise performance in females.

It has been clarified that the combined use of blood flow restriction enhances the training load on skeletal muscle and provides additive hypertrophy and strength gain. Similarly, it has also been reported that the muscle hypertrophy could be enhanced in training in a hypoxic environment. In the present study, in order to compare the effects of exercise with blood flow restriction and exercise under hypoxia, and to examine the synergistic effect, resistance training in the right calf using an ultra-low intensity load was performed for 4 weeks using 4 conditions of control, blood flow restriction, hypoxia, and a combination of both, and the difference in their effects was examined by the response of growth hormone and changes in muscle strength and muscle mass. The growth hormone response before and after a single exercise before the training showed an increasing tendency but was not statistically significant, and after the training period, it tended to become even blunt, and there was no difference among the conditions. On the other hand, muscle strength increased significantly after training, and no difference among the conditions was observed. The results shows that there is no additional effect due to blood flow restriction or hypoxic environment, and combination of both in the training results.

Aging-induced deterioration of arterial stiffness is decreased by aerobic exercise training, and increased nitric oxide （NO） production is involved in this effect. Apelin promotes NO production via upregulation of endothelial NO synthase, resulting in improvement of arterial stiffness. However, the time-dependent effects of aerobic exercise training on circulating apelin levels remain unclear.

　PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether the changes in circulating apelin levels by aerobic exercise training may be a novel predictive biomarker for the decrease in arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults.

　METHODS: Twenty Japanese healthy middle-aged and older subjects （66±1 years） were randomly divided into two groups: exercise intervention and sedentary controls. Subjects in the training group completed 8-week of middle-intensity aerobic exercise training. We evaluated plasma apelin levels and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity （baPWV） , measured every 2 weeks for 8-week in the training group.

　RESULTS: Plasma apelin levels were significantly increased after 4-week intervention （P<0.05） . However, baPWV was gradually declined from baseline to 8-week and significantly decreased after 8-week intervention （P<0.05） . Interestingly, the exercise training–induced increase in plasma apelin levels before and after 4-week exercise training was negatively correlated with the decrease in baPWV before and after 8-week exercise training （r=-0.700, P<0.05） .

　CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the plasma apelin levels were increased at the early stage of exercise training intervention and was associated with exercise training-induced alternation of arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults. Thus, plasma apelin levels may be a predictive biomarker of exercise training-induced improvement of arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of passive heat stress on corticospinal excitability. Motor-evoked potentials （MEPs） were recorded at the right first dorsal interosseous in ten healthy males following a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation （TMS） of the left primary motor cortices （M1） . MEPs were measured in four sessions: （1） before passive heat stress （Pre） , （2） when esophageal temperature was increased by 0.5˚C （Warm） and （3） 1.2˚C （Heat） , and （4） after passive heat stress （Recovery） . In addition, the resting motion threshold of TMS was measured in each session, and changes in the corticospinal excitability were examined using the four levels of stimulation intensity of 100, 110, 120, and 130%. The MEP amplitudes did not differ among sessions under low-intensity stimulation （100, and 110%） , but significantly decreased under high-intensity stimulation （120, and 130%） . This suggests that high-intensity muscle contraction, in which many motor neurons are activated, is more susceptible to stress caused by a hot environment than low-intensity muscle contraction. The MEP latencies became faster under heat stress, regardless of the stimulus intensity of TMS, indicating that the conduction velocity of the descending motor output was accelerated by increases in body temperature. These findings suggest that human corticospinal excitability is affected by passive heat stress.

Exercise is believed to improve sleep, i.e., it reduces sleep latency and increases slow wave sleep. However, there are studies reporting contrary to this consensus that exercise had an adverse effect on sleep architecture. Therefore, discrepancies in the effects of exercise on sleep architecture remain to be explained. We enrolled 9 healthy young males （mean±SEM: 23.8±2.1 years） in a cross-over intervention study, assessed by core body temperature and indirect calorimetry, and on sleep quality during subsequent sleep, assessed by quality of sleep polysomnography. Subjects exercised at 60 % of V･O_2max for 60 min beginning at 6 hours before bedtime using a treadmill or remained seated. Exercise increased the energy expenditure throughout the following sleep phase 5 h later. The objective measurements, based on polysomnographic recordings revealed that exercise trial shortens slow wave sleep time and REM sleep latency （∼28 min） . Average δ power in N3 is shifted toward higher δ power in the trial with exercise compared to controls trial. In addition, The coefficient of variation of the envelope values were significantly lower than control trial. Although, traditional objective such as duration of sleep stages consequences in exercise trial were not enhanced. Detailed analysis of the sleep electro-encephalogram showed significantly increased delta （0.5-4 Hz） power in SWS （N3） together with increased SWS stability based on the coefficient of variation of the envelope of delta waves in early sleep phases. Vigorous exercise performed at 6 hours before bedtime might impair subjective sleep quality

Athletic capability in sports and rehabilitation scenarios is generally evaluated based on parameters such as maximum muscle strength, number of repetitions, and maximum time. However, the performance of individual target muscles is not evaluated directly in many cases. It is difficult to express muscle quality quantitatively. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously perform electromyography （EMG） and mechanomyography （MMG） using an MMG/EMG hybrid transducer developed by us, and to evaluate muscle performance during pedaling exercise based on the electrical/mechanical transformations during muscle contraction. Nine healthy adult men participated in the experiment. The pedaling exercise was performed using a recumbent bicycle that can be seated and exercised. The target muscles were the vastus medialis （VM） and vastus lateralis （VL） of the quadriceps femoris, and EMG and displacement MMG （dMMG） were performed during pedaling. The cadence was constant at 30 rpm, and the pedaling work rate was varied from 30 W to 150 W in five steps of 30 W each. The measurement was performed for 30 s with a sampling frequency of 1 kHz. The study demonstrated the following: （1） The VL contributes more to pedaling than VM. This is based on the mechanical aspect of muscle contraction. （2） The correlation between EMG and dMMG indicates that the MMG / EMG ratio of VL is higher than that of VM. In conclusion, it is indicated that the combined evaluation of EMG and MMG may yield an index that reflects the muscle performance during exercise.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a performance of phase change materials （PCM） as a tool for sports icing. We examined whether skin temperatures could be maintained in the target zones around 10℃ and 20℃ of PCM. And we investigated effects of exercise-induced heat production and skinfold thickness on the skin temperature with application of PCM. Fifteen male and twelve female volunteers were randomly divided into 10℃ or 20℃ cooling treatment groups or the control group （C10, C20, and NC, respectively） . The participants performed five sets of eight arm curl exercises with the non-dominant arm at the workload of 8 RM. Participants' dominant arms served as controls. In the cooling treatment group, PCM packs adjusted to maintain its surface temperatures at a constant temperature of 10℃ for C10 and 20℃ for C20, was applied over the skin surface above the biceps brachii of both upper-arms with a thermal insulation cover for 20 minutes after arm curl exercises. Skin temperatures at three sites in PCM applied area of both arms were monitored by using thermistors. Skin temperatures were acutely decreased in C10 and C20, and were maintained at approximately 10-12℃ （non-dominant arm: 11.0±0.1℃, dominant arm: 9.2±0.2℃） and 20-23℃ （non-dominant arm: 22.2±0.1℃, dominant arm: 20.3±0.1℃） , respectively. It is suggested that PCM would be beneficial to make tools for sports icing, although the decrease in skin temperature was tended to be affected by heat produced with the exercise and the degree of skinfold thickness.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a performance of phase change materials （PCM） as a tool for sports icing. We examined whether skin temperatures could be maintained in the target zones around 10℃ and 20℃ of PCM. And we investigated effects of exercise-induced heat production and skinfold thickness on the skin temperature with application of PCM. Fifteen male and twelve female volunteers were randomly divided into 10℃ or 20℃ cooling treatment groups or the control group （C10, C20, and NC, respectively） . The participants performed five sets of eight arm curl exercises with the non-dominant arm at the workload of 8 RM. Participants' dominant arms served as controls. In the cooling treatment group, PCM packs adjusted to maintain its surface temperatures at a constant temperature of 10℃ for C10 and 20℃ for C20, was applied over the skin surface above the biceps brachii of both upper-arms with a thermal insulation cover for 20 minutes after arm curl exercises. Skin temperatures at three sites in PCM applied area of both arms were monitored by using thermistors. Skin temperatures were acutely decreased in C10 and C20, and were maintained at approximately 10-12℃ （non-dominant arm: 11.0±0.1℃, dominant arm: 9.2±0.2℃） and 20-23℃ （non-dominant arm: 22.2±0.1℃, dominant arm: 20.3±0.1℃） , respectively. It is suggested that PCM would be beneficial to make tools for sports icing, although the decrease in skin temperature was tended to be affected by heat produced with the exercise and the degree of skinfold thickness.

We investigated the effect of clothing environment on workload for tomato cultivation work in a greenhouse. The WBGT （Wet bulb globe temperature） , ECG （Electrocardiogram） , tympanic temperature, subjective evaluation such as comfort, subjective work intensity and temperature and humidity in clothes were measured. The following six clothing conditions were used: shirt only, shirt only with mask, cooling vest over the shirt, cooling vest under the shirt, cloth with fans, and cooling vest under the cloth with fans. As a result, the followings were obtained. （1） The WBGT in a greenhouse was over 31 degrees even in the morning, and the risk of heat stroke was very high. （2） According to the %HRR （Percentage of Heart Rate Reserve） of ECG, wearing a mask tended to increase slightly the exercise intensity, and wearing a cooling vest or a cloth with fans tended to decrease the exercise intensity. （3） Subjective work intensity was assessed to be higher in wearing a mask and lower in wearing a cooling vest. （4） The results of the measurement of temperature and humidity inside the clothes showed that the cloth with fans kept the humidity inside the clothes low. It was confirmed that the clothes with fans was effective in lowering the temperature and humidity inside the clothes.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of weekly high-intensity interval training on the feedback control function of the respiratory chemoreflex feedback system and cardiac morphology. Seven healthy subjects were characterized separately for respiratory controller and plant （subsystems） by changing inspiratory CO2 fraction and by changing minute ventilation （VE） at rest and during low and high-intensity exercise, respectively. HIIT affected VO2max （+ 9.5±7.5%, p ＝ 0.008） and left ventricular posterior wall thickness （+ 17.9±8.6%, p ＝ 0.002）， and affected both subsystems during high-intensity exercise, but not at rest and during low-intensity exercise. During high-intensity exercise, downward shift of respiratory controller characteristics mainly attributed to lower VE after HIIT. In conclusion, weekly high-intensity interval training attenuates respiratory drive during high-intensity exercise via desensitization of the respiratory controller, including left ventricular hypertrophy and maximal cardiorespiratory function.