The Paris Agreement has set a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Carbon credits were incorporated as an economically viable method to achieve the goal. The credit certification is always required to be replaced by a better method. Essential aspects of the better method require no excessive labor for measurement and improved accuracy. Remote sensing using satellites and airplanes is suitable for efficiently estimating large areas and improving the efficiency of forest carbon stock assessment for carbon credit certification. This paper presents examples of applying aerial photography as a passive remote sensing sensor and LiDAR as an active remote sensing sensor to forest surveys in Shizuoka Prefecture. Examples of the use of aerial photography are described as follows: 1） Areal changes of coastal forests focusing on black pine and all other species in Miho no Matsubara and Senbon Matsubara, 2） Estimation of cypress tree occupancy in forests by machine learning in the eastern area of Shizuoka Prefec

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Isabella Bird’s journey in Japan （1878） and her travelogue, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan（2 vols, 1880）, is her most important work – indeed, her masterpiece, marking her out as one of the most outstanding travelers of all time. However, in 1885, a single-volume abridged edition was published replacing the original two-volume work, thereby denying her readership the full record of her original journey and prompting endless misunderstanding thereafter. In 2014, I publishedIsabella Bird to Nihon no Tabi （English edition Isabella Bird and Japan: A Reassessment, 2017） through which I was able to reinstate the truth about what really took place. Based on the fact that my research has received international recognition, this paper focuses on the mystery surrounding the illustration of Mt. Fuji, which appears at the beginning of her travelogue, through an in-depth analysis of Bird’s mind-set and her earlier experiences. The fact that the Mt. Fuji illustration looks like the Matterhorn is entirely due to ‘Mountain Jim’ who was Bird’s companion for her Rocky Mountain trip in 1873 and helped her climb Long’s Peak, known as the American Matterhorn at that time. After receiving the tragic news that Jim had been shot and killed by Griffith Evans, Bird was evidently traumatised and recorded how, when at her hotel in Interlaken, Jim briefly appeared in a vision in front of her, bowed and disappeared. Prior to leaving for Japan, Bird wrote a series of 17 papers in quick succession about her trip to the Rocky Mountains which were serialized inLeisure Hour magazine in England while she was away. Thus, the Fuji ‘Matterhorn’ illustration was Bird’s way of expressing her emotional feelings for Jim as she travelled around Japan. In this article, my intention is to provide a scientific basis for my analysis by focusing on the iconographic significance of several related illustrations of Mt. Fuji, supported by relevant research. This article is also an expression of my gratitude to Professor Osamu Nishikawa for his kindness concerning my Isabella Bird study, as well as for his empathy regarding the Japan Society of Fujiology.

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Juzo Kondo's achievements are wide-ranging. He is known as an explorer, a librarian, and a writer, and as a government official. However, it is not well known that Juzo built a Fujizuka called 'Yarigasaki Fuji'. Why did such an atheist Juzo create Yarigasaki Fuji? Moreover, why did Juzo look up to Mt. Fuji? The author elucidates the mystery of what kind of process Juzo took to become a founder of Mt. Fuji and build Yarigasaki Fuji, by reading and interpreting untranscribed manuscripts of Chinese poems written by Juzo himself.

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When large-scale natural disasters occur near the edge of a water body, the use of backhoe dredges, soil pontoons, and crane barges may be more effective. Further, ferry transports and floating piers may be used as a temporary solution to solve the problem of road restoration. Unfortunately, these work barges cannot be towed directly from the sea into the affected areas near lakes or rivers. One solution would be to use knockdown pontoons that can be carried on standard commercial vehicles and assembled in the closing water area. An additional advantage is that these pontoons can be used as hulls for various work barges. Therefore, to determine the feasibility of the usage of knockdown pontoons for emergency procedures in cases of largescale natural disasters, we investigate the stability and strength of a reinforced, rectangular-hull knockdown pontoon. In naval architecture and marine engineering, the metacentric height (GM) is the most basic stability indexes. The GM for non-self-propelling work vessels w

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Previous studies on the forest structure and timberline vegetation dynamics of Mt. Fuji are reviewed. The leading edge of the timberline is composed of Larix kaempferi, unlike the Pinus pumila timberline edges of other Japanese mountains. The dominant tree species of the timberline ecosystem is Larix kaempferi, distributed from the Krummholz limit to the subalpine zone. The forests below the timberline are subalpine in nature, composed of the evergreen coniferous trees Abies veitchii and Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis. The timberline tended to rise over time; patches of grasses and shrubs served as nurse plants. The advancing timberline was documented by aerial and landscape photographs, reviews of the historical literature, annual ring analysis, and long-term monitoring. The timberline of the southeast slope was pushed downhill by the eruption of Mt. Hoei during the Edo period. Currently, that timberline is recovering. The shape of the new Larix kaempferi seedlings differs from those of previous seedlings, being tall vs. the stunted phenotypes of previous generations. Timberline advance may reflect not only natural succession but also climate change.

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Land development in South West area of Mt.Fuji in ancient times expanded, related with the characteristic geological environment. As a component of the environment, mountain spring water can be pointed out. For example, Kanzo site started forming the settlement around spring water pond in a stratified society, which began after the construction of Marugaito login tumulus． In addition, a water supply facility was found in Kinogyoji site in the 7th century. This paper will introduce how people secured water in a volcanic zone, which had direct impacts by lava.

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Among the constituent components registered as religious objects in the Mt. Fuji World Heritage Site, excluding the summit area, the period of four hundred years of the Middle Ages is missing. During this period, the amalgamation of Shinto and Buddhism progressed, and was the most important period for Mt. Fuji religious beliefs and practices. Worshipping from afar progressed to ascending the mountain, and from a mountain for which the imperial court prayed for the nation’s protection to a mountain of popular religious beliefs and practices. In this study, the author focuses on Jissō-ji, a goganji temple （a place of pray） built by the Cloistered Emperor Toba to protect the nation. The author will try to decipher every word and sentence of the Honchō seiki by Shinzei （Fujiwara no Michinori） along with other related historical documents, investigate matters necessary for the temple’s registration as a World Cultural Heritage site, and pave the way for supporting municipal administrations and citizen movements for its registration. In doing so, it presents one research technique for enhancing scholarship in academic domains with limited historical materials.

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After winning the grand battle of Fujikawa between the Genji and the Heike, Minamoto no Yoritomo, the leader of the Kamakura shogunate, rewarded the warriors who served under him with honryō-ando （securing their lands） and shin’on-kyūfu （distributing the lands of the defeated enemies to them based on their achievements on the battlefield） . Honryō-ando and shin’on-kyūfu were thus the basis for the introduction of the gokenin system in the Kamakura shogunate, wherein land was used as a medium for strengthening the master-servant relationship between Yoritomo and his gokenin. According to a recent academic theory, the Kamakura shogunate began with Yoritomo’s establishment of a base for political administration in Kamakura in October 1180. Therefore, the Kai Genji clan’s victory over the kokuga forces of Suruga and Tōtōmi, which were on the Heike side at the battle of Harutaji, although a preliminary skirmish six days before the battle of Fujikawa, was historically significant. The Kai Genji clan’s achievement

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