By definition, ecological resilience is the ability of a system to undergo, absorb and respond to change and disturbance, while maintaining its functions and controls. The environmental conditions that favor such community resilience may be different from those that favor resistance. Benthic cover and the structure of coral population will provide vital information for reef resilience. This research has been done at 20 sites in northern Acehnese reef. Data of coral cover was collected by line intercept transects methods; while data of the structure of coral population was collected by belt transect methods. The result showed that percentage of hard corals were range from 20.46-67.40%. Generally, hard coral covers in areas that were protected under the management authority were higher than in open access areas. The larger resistant coral such as Porites (massive) and Pavona were abundant in eastern part of Weh Island, while the larger susceptible coral such as Acropora and Pocillopora were abundant in western and northern parts of Weh Island. Western and northern parts of Weh Island were the most vulnerable areas for coral mass bleaching if sea surface temperature turns to be higher than normal, while coral reef in the eastern part was more resilient.

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A severe coral reef bleaching event occurred in late summer 2010 in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. The present study aims to quantitatively examine coral bleaching at 11 sites, namely, Ko Lan, Ko Sak Island and Ko Khrok in the Inner Gulf of Thailand, Laem Sed and Ao Tong Tanode on Ko Samui, Ko Mud Sum and Ko Taen, in the Western Gulf of Thailand, Ao Ling and Ao Lo Bakao on Ko Phi Phi Don, Ko He and Ko Loan, in the Andaman Sea. The surveys performed during May-August 2010 revealed that 87% of coral colonies were affected by the coral bleaching event. The proportion of bleached coral colonies in the Inner Gulf of Thailand, the Western Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea were 61, 91 and 97%, respectively. There were significant differences in the impact of the coral bleaching event among coral species and study sites. The bleaching severity in Porites lutea, the coral taxa found on belt-transects at all study sites showed lower severity of bleaching at the study sites in the Inner Gulf of Thailand. Further research to improve our understanding of resistance and resilience of coral reefs to climate change are urgently needed for coral reef conservation and management in Thailand.

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The Sango (Coral) Map Project began in 2008, an International Year of the Reef, and continued for two years. It is a monitoring program that allowed for easy participation via a web-based system that collected information on coral occurrence from various groups of people (e.g. divers, snorkelers, tourists, environmental educators, and researchers) with the aim of clarifying the current status of coral reefs in Japan. Participants simply submitted occurrences and location information with photographs of coral formations they encountered. The results are presented on the web using the Google Map API. Over the two-year period, 148 participants provided information on coral occurrence, and 367 data points were collected. Collaboration was developed with other activities including nature tours and diving programs. Data from the project have been used to validate national coral-reef distribution maps and have been published as a scientific paper. The project owes its success to the engagement with a wide range of networks and stakeholders and to the simplicity of the method. We hope that this project will be a first step towards encouraging people to participate in other monitoring programs such as ReefCheck. Citizen monitoring programs are a useful and important method for establishing collaboration between diverse stakeholders.

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Engulfed in the debates on climate change and sea-level rise, Tuvalu—a small atoll and reef island country in Polynesia—has come to be recognized as the global symbol of the victims of these phenomena. The possibility that sea-level rise could cause a mass migration in Pacific Island countries such as Tuvalu has been widely recog-nized; nevertheless, scientific research is far from reaching a consensus about when it will occur and how bad it will be. Meanwhile, the media already oversimplifies its reports that Tuvalu will soon be submerged and that its entire population will be forced to emigrate from its home-land as “environmental refugees”. In the mass media, the Tuvaluans are considered as passive victims who are helpless against these global environmental issues. In this paper, I will show the potential of the people to deal with the effects of sea-level rise by analyzing migration and their kinship networks. In order to achieve this objective, I will address the case of Tuvaluan repatriate migrants from Nauru. This paper will focus mainly on how the repatriated migrants found a place to stay when they returned to Tuvalu. The results demonstrate that inter-island kinship networks produced by migration can work as a safety net. They also suggest that such safety nets could also serve well during possible environmental crises in the near future and hence, migration could be an effective adaptation strategy for climate change.

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One policy approach that has proved effective in managing bay wide fisheries resource projects elsewhere is the Unified Fisheries Ordinance. The implementation potential of this approach was tested in the province of Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines through inter-LGU collaboration and joint enforcement to protect common marine ecosystems. The formulation process involved the use of governance principles i.e. functionality, transparency, accountability and participatory to address issues involving commercial fishing, vessels fishing within municipal waters, illegal and destructive fishing and excessive fishing. The paper aims to a) document the process of crafting a unified fisheries ordinance, b) to demonstrate its implementation and c) present the benefits gained by local government units in implementing the said policy. A series of participatory and consultative workshops were conducted to engage 13 coastal municipalities, the province and other national agencies. Provisions and prohibitions which were agreed for inclusion into the unified ordinance were: a) color coding of boats; b) registry of fishers c) registry of fishing vessels; d) permits and licensing; e) zoning of coastal waters; f) incentives and rewards for enforcers; and g) a list of prohibited acts and penalties. Throughout the implementation phase, improvements observed include: a) the decline of illegal fishing activities within municipal waters; b) increase in compliance to the registration requirements for fishers, boats and fishing gear and c) revenue generated for the local government units (LGUs). The major outcomes during the implementation were the development of alliances and networks among stakeholders within the bay to strengthen enforcement activities and increase compliance of the coastal communities in the observance of the policy or ordinance.

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Mabul Island is the place of intensive tourism development (about 10 dive resorts and lodges) and high indigenous population density (about 2500 people). The burgeoning human development on the island had raised environmental concern over the degradation of island resources and lack of proper management. By applying the concept of Limits of Acceptable Change, assessment of selected indicators, namely biological (live coral cover), physical (land-use), socio-economic (feedback of tourists) had indicated live coral cover degradation, decimation of vegetation, incessant coastal erosion from unregulated land-use and tourist dissatisfaction due to overcrowded situation. The unregulated anthropogenic development is viewed critical where the LAC for the island resources has already been achieved and no further infrastructure construction is recommended to safeguard the remaining island resources. An integrated management for the island ecosystem, with clearly defined and prioritized action plans is urgently needed for implementation where it is particular important for sustainable tourism industry which contributes significantly to the economic and social well-being of Mabul Island.

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Coral reefs continue to attract increasing numbers of scuba divers, leading to concerns about diver’s impacts on reefs. Among various types of impacts, fin kicks damage the corals reefs the most. To reduce fin-kick accidents, a technique to keep divers’ fins from hitting reefs during diving was evaluated. In this study, lifting diver’s fins higher than usual by shifting the diver’s center of gravity towards the upper body was carried out. Three experimental conditions for the center of gravity were respectively set up by positioning lead blocks, in combination with wearing a weight belt around the waist or chest, to examine differences in rates of fin kicks to reefs. One weight belt was placed at the waist in the first experiment, at the waist and chest in the second, and at the chest in the third for arranging the low, the middle, and high center of gravity respectively. There were significant differences found in the rates of fin kicks among the three conditions. The mean rates of fin kicks were 2.56 contacts 10min^-1 in the first experiment, and 0.94 in the second, and 0.06 in the third. The result indicated that fin-kicking on reefs is avoidable by changing diver’s center of gravity to the upper body.

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The study was carried out in 39 Marine Protected Areas within the Province of Southeast Sulawesi, Eastern Indonesia. In particular, the research would look at community participation in creating marine protected area (MPA) to preserve healthy fisheries around coral reef locations. To clarify coral reef condition in the marine protected areas, survey and monitoring of coral reefs were conducted in all stations of this region. From 2007, local people in this region have started to create marine protected areas using community participation in their village. At the village level, MPAs were created through community participation. In 2007, my research on MPA in eastern Indonesia showed that 30.16% of live coral, 40% of dead coral, 17.23% of other fauna, 10.46% of abiotic substances (sands and stones), and 2.15% of macro algae covered the entire coral reef observed region. While in 2008, the of live coral increased to 33.3%, dead coral decreased to 36%, other fauna have reached 6.6%, abiotic (sands and stones) have turned into 19.5% and macro algae increased to 4.9%. These figures describe that within 1 year, community involvement through this program has successfully increased live coral by 3.14%, decreased dead coral by 4%, decreased other fauna by 10.6%, increased abiotic substances (sands and stones) by 9% and increased macro algae by 2.8%. Most of the coral fishes, particularly those of target fish group (economic fish) increased during 2007-2009. In order to optimize an understanding and pursuance of marine protected area to entire population, village regulations were formulated during community workshop conducted in 2007, aimed to support effective implementation of marine protected areas. This process was facilitated by Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program Phase II (COREMAP II) of the World Bank. Community marine protected areas provide the best protection for species of coral reef, fish and wildlife. This approach has created a method through which the capacity of local community is improved, as they can often serve as the best managers and supervisor to ensure the protection of these areas from overfishing, bombing and cyanides. This is one of the most successful strategies for marine conservation in Indonesia.

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The Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) together with the Marine Biodiversity Research Group of Ramkhamhaeng University have drafted a Thailand coral reef action plan. Secondary data on the status of coral reef, threats and types of use were collected. Various concepts of reef restoration and techniques were discussed in an expert meeting group to formulate a concept of reef restoration for Thailand. The concept and data were then verified and consulted with scientists and stakeholders in 4 coral reef vicinity areas. Following this, the coral reef restoration action plan was drafted and priority areas were identified and then approved by the DMCR coral reef committee. The plan was approved in a final meeting with various stakeholders and government organizations. 96,000rai (153sq.km) of Thailand’s coral reef are categorized into 4 different stages depending on their status threats and type of use. Category 1, in which coral reef is in a degraded status and is used for tourism, was the priority area for restoration. This area includes 24 coral reef sites covering 7,843rai (12.5sq.km). The coral reef restoration plan starts using passive restoration by reducing threats, including tourism, water pollution, sedimentation and fishery, by 4 strategies and 15 measures. Then active restoration by a suitable coral reef propagation technique will be applied.

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