Climate change has affected fruit tree production because meteorological environments determine annual yield, quality, and suitable cultivation locations. This review focuses on the physiological and physical effects of each meteorological element on fruit trees, the impact of climate change on fruit production, and adaptation strategies. The most critical role of temperature is the temporal control of developmental stage changes via developmental rate regulation. Extremely high and low temperatures can cause necrosis of fruit tree tissue, which is a physical effect of heating or freezing. Solar radiation and soil moisture drive quantitative control to determine the size and weight of the entire plant or each part of the fruit tree via photosynthesis. Climate change affects fruit trees through high temperatures and water stress. Temperature rise has altered the development of fruit trees, resulting in earlier flowering, delayed fruit coloration, changes in fruit quality, and increased risk of peel and flesh disorders. Warmer temperatures in autumn and winter delay the release from endodormancy and hardening, as well as accelerating de-hardening, resulting in freezing injuries and flowering disorders. Sunny days with extremely high temperatures cause physical damage to tissues, resulting in sunburn. Water stress reduces the photosynthesis rate, resulting in reduced fruit growth. A lot of research has been conducted on the development of adaptive measures. Adaptation strategies for fruit tree production can be divided into three stages. In Stage 1, short-term adaptation strategies focusing on production techniques include the use of shading materials or reflective films, regulation of development using greenhouses or plant growth regulators, girdling, or shifting the nitrogen fertilization period. Stage 2 involves the use of cultivars that are better adapted to climate change and is a medium-term adaptation strategy because it requires replanting. Stage 3, species or area conversion, is a long-term adaptation strategy. It refers to cultivating fruit tree species that have not been traditionally cultivated in the area or the relocation of cultivation areas. To support this strategy, maps showing future locations suitable for several species have been developed.
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