This study aimed to examine age group and individual differences of the controlled force exertion test by sinusoidal waveforms and to propose a provisional norm in 207 male adults who were righthanded and aged 15 to 86 years (mean = 42.1±19.8 yrs). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values, appearing with a sinusoidal waveform on the display of a personal computer. The subjects performed the controlled force exertion test three times with 1-min intervals (one trial lasted 40 s), after one practice trial using the dominant hand. A total of the differences between the demand value and the grip exertion value for 25 s was used as an evaluation parameter. The measurements showed a right-skewed distribution without a normal distribution. They showed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation (W=0.09, p>0.05). The result of the analysis of variance showed significant differences in the means of each age group (F=16.43, p<0.05), and test performance tended to decrease after 50 years of age. Considering the abovestated age group difference, the norm of each age group was established. The controlled force exertion value by the sinusoidal waveform decreases markedly after 50 years of age. An individual’s controlled force exertion for the devised provisional norm was evaluated in this study.

　The purposes of this study were to investigate the kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO₂), carbon dioxide output (VOC₂) and ventilatry equivalent (VE • VO₂^-1, VE • VCO₂^-1) during a 20-meter shuttle running test (SRT) in comparison with a treadmill running test (TRT), and to determine the contribution of bicarbonate buffering capacity to SRT performance. Eleven healthy male participants (20.9±2.5 yrs, 172.4±3.0 cm, 65.7±3.9 kg) performed SRT and TRT utilizing the same running speed protocol. During both the SRT and the TRT, VO₂, VCO₂, VE • VO₂^-1 and VE • VO₂^-1 data were measured by portable expired gas-analysis system. CO₂excess as an index of bicarbonate buffering capacity was calculated by the sum of VCO₂ minus VO₂ when respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was more than 1.00. The results of the general linear mixed model showed that no significant differences were found between TRT and SRT for VO₂ kinetics (interaction: F₁₁, ₁₈₂.₁₄ = 1.12, P = .347). VCO₂ and VE • VO₂^-1 during SRT were significantly higher than those during TRT (VCO₂: F₁₁, ₁₈₁.19 = 40.35, P < .001; VE • VO₂^-1: F¹¹, ¹⁸¹.¹⁶ = 17.47, P < .001). Multiple regression analysis provided that the contribution (R₂ change) of CO₂excess to SRT performance was 13.9 % (standardized regression coefficients = .376, P = .013). Therefore, SRT reflects bicarbonate buffering capacity as well as aerobic capacity, and the energy demand of SRT is greater than that of straight-line running.

　The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bunt training employing monocular vision on kinetic and dynamic visual acuity and bunt performance in collegiate baseball players. Thirty-four collegiate male baseball players participated in this study as subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups: Pitcher group (n: 7) and Training group (n: 27). The training group performed special bunt training employing monocular vision three times per week for seven weeks. Subjects bunted balls at 120 kilometers per hour employing monocular vision. Static, Kinetic, and Dynamic visual acuity and bunt performance were measured at pre- and post training. In the Training group Kinetic visual acuity and bunt performance were increased significantly (p<0.05). However, there was no signifi cant difference of Dynamic visual acuity between pre- and post training in the Training group. It was suggested that the training methods utilized in this study improved the Kinetic visual acuity in collegiate baseball players. Moreover there is a possibility that this training improves bunt performance.

　The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between kinetic visual acuity and reaction time in college students. Eighteen male college students, mean age: 21.5±2.2 years, participated in this study. Static and kinetic visual acuity and simple and choice reaction time were measured. In addition, visual evoked potential using pattern reversal stimulus was recorded. These items were measured by the following apparatuses: KOWA AS-4F (visual functions), Takei Scientific Instruments T.K.K.1264b (reaction times), Biopac MP150, AcqKnowledge software, and Biopac ERS100 amplifier (visual evoked potential). The results indicated that there was no significant correlation between kinetic visual acuity and reaction time(KVA-SRT: r=-0.135 p=0.595, KVA-CRT: r=0.183 p=0.468, KVA/SVA×100-SRT: r=-0.060 p=0.813, KVA/SVA×100-CRT: r=0.024 p=0.925). Further, there were no significant relationships between reaction time and the latencies of visual evoked potential (SRT-N70: r=-0.323 p=0.191, SRT-P100: r=0.453 p=0.059, SRT-N140: r=0.219 p=0.383, CRT-N70: r=0.034 p=0.893, CRT-P100: r=-0.271 p=0.277, CRT-N140: r=-0.049 p=0.847). Therefore it was suggested that quick reaction time was not linked to high kinetic visual acuity. In this study, some data relative to mechanism of kinetic visual acuity were obtained.