Athletes frequently assert their ability to foresee outcome in an upcoming game, often attributing it to so-called sixth sense. This paper investigates whether this foresight is genuine prediction, or a postdictive reconstruction that emerges post game. We conducted a study with 113 athletes to unravel this cognitive phenomenon.

　Participants completed a pre-game questionnaire, including queries about their mental and physical states, and more. Key to our investigation was the question: How do you think you will perform today? Subsequently, after the games, we administered a similar set of questions, introducing another critical query focused on postdictive reconstruction: How did you think you would perform this morning? Remarkably, even with the same question asked on the same day to the same participants, 60.2% of athletes altered their memory of their initial predictions, revealing a clear instance of postdictive reconstruction.

　Furthermore, an intriguing pattern emerged: those who experienced defeat tended to revise predictions negatively, while victors leaned towards more positive revisions. This interaction turned out highly significant, challenging the conventional cognitive tendency to maintain consistency with one's own past. These findings suggest an automatic and implicit inclination among athletes to postdictively adapt their memories of performance predictions to align with actual outcomes.

　Our study provides compelling evidence that athletes' claims of intuitive prediction are primarily postdictive in nature. This cognitive process sheds light on the role of memory in self assessment and the dynamic nature of human cognition, offering insights into athletes' psychological experiences and the broader domain of postdiction.

PURPOSE: To our knowledge, there is no systematic review of swimming and aquatic exercise intervention studies for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Therefore, we conducted a scoping review of swimming and aquatic exercise intervention studies for ASD and AD/HD with the aim of identifying outcomes and issues in previous studies.

METHODS: This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and articles were collected and selected. We used PubMed, Science Direct, J-stage and CiNii Research as databases. Searches were conducted using terms such as "swimming", "Autism" and "AD/HD". The collected literature was selected according to eligibility criteria, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale.

RESULTS: Finally, 40 articles were selected and analyzed for (1) study areas and publication date, (2) sample size and participant profile, (3) study design and quality, and (4) intervention and measurement methods. The results showed that, despite challenges in the field, size, and quality of the study, ASD and AD/HD symptoms improved and multifaceted effects on　physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development were observed.

CONCLUSION: The scoping review clarified the achievements and issues of previous studies and indicated the therapeutic significance of swimming and aquatic exercise for ASD and AD/HD.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of flywheel (FW) resistance training on jump performance in athletes and nonathletes. Four electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Cochrane Database, Web of Science, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi) for studies published on or before November 18, 2023. Reports on randomized controlled trials of FW resistance training in healthy untrained people and athletes were included for analysis. Comparisons were made between FW resistance training and non-exercise controls or traditional resistance training. The primary outcome was defined as jump performance (countermovement jump, squat jump, and drop jump) and secondary outcomes were muscular strength and mass. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated for quantitative indices. A random-effects model was used for pooling. Of the 167 studies identified, 27 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of jump performance revealed the superiority of FW resistance training to non-exercise controls (SMD 0.89, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.25). The subgroup analysis showed that FW training improves jump performance in both athletes and non-athletes. In addition, the effect of FW training on CMJ was more effective than resistance training in athletes only (P=0.05). These results indicate that FW resistance training is an effective intervention for improving jump performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematics and kinetics of pelvic rotation in mini-hurdle sprint, including regulated step length and increased step frequency, by comparing mini-hurdle sprint to normal sprint. Twelve male sprinters performed a 60 m sprint with mini-hurdles from a standing start and a 60 m regular sprint from a crouching start. Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed to investigate the kinematics and kinetics of pelvic rotation in the mini-hurdle sprint. The step frequency was significantly higher, and the step length was significantly lower in the mini-hurdle sprint than in the normal sprint. The pelvic rotation angle at toe-off and displacement of the pelvic forward rotation toward free leg side angle in the stance phase were significantly greater in the mini-hurdle sprint than in the normal sprint. The integrated contributory component of the lumbosacral joint torsion angular impulse was significantly greater during the stance phase and smaller during the flight phase in the mini-hurdle sprint than in the normal sprint.

Overall, the mini-hurdle sprint exerted the free leg side lumbosacral joint torsional torque was greater during the stance phase and smaller during the flight phase compared to the normal sprint, resulting in the greater forward rotation on the pelvis of the stance leg side toward the free leg side prior to toe-off and contributing to faster recovery leg motion to increase high step frequency.