Whether animals can engage in prospective processing, looking ahead to what needs to be done, is an area of current interest in comparative cognition. We review some of the early behavioural and more recent neural evidence for prospective processing. Three classic behavioural studies, each adopting a different technique (confusion matrix design, sample comparison mapping design, and modality-specific interference design), confirm that animals can engage in prospective processing. Mirroring these findings are more recent data that revealed neural evidence in favour of prospective processing. Overall, both behavioural and neural studies support the view that animals engage in prospective processing and plan for a future event.

Recent studies have revealed similarities and differences among hominids: humans, chimpanzees and bonobos. Cooperation is one of the human hallmarks, but its evolutionary basis can be found both in chimpanzees and bonobos. Comparison among the three evolutionary closest relatives would tell us about how cooperative society evolved. For this purpose, food sharing is an ideal target behavior to examine, since it is a typical cooperative behavior and prevails in the three hominids. The author has observed food sharing events among wild bonobos in Wamba, Democratic Republic of Congo. This data depicts several features of bonobos' food sharing that cannot be seen in chimpanzees. Bonobos often share plant food, which can often be obtained without any cooperation or specialized skills, sometimes even when the same food items are abundant and easily available at the sites. Bonobo recipients may beg to strengthen social bonding. Frequent plant-food sharing among bonobos may shed light on the evolution of courtesy food sharing which may be seen only in humans and bonobos.