‘Spontaneous volunteer' has received criticism as it is more institutionalised than before. This study investigates actual spontaneous volunteers' behaviours and consciousness at affected sites, and analyses them based on the labour theory to understand the significance of ‘spontaneous volunteer' and its contribution towards developing disaster-related volunteer activities. The questionnaire and interview surveys were conducted on the participants of the volunteer bus in the aftermath of Typhoon Hagibis from Wakayama was operated in 2019. Consequently, approximately 70% of the participants had taken part in multiple disaster-related volunteer activities. Our findings show that volunteers engaged in the allotted work and flexibly dealt with issues that emerged at the sites. Although they did not actively talk with the affected people who requested for help, there was some communication amongst themselves during work. Thus, it has been found that participants tend to gain expertise through multiple disaster volunteering experiences by improving their ‘capacity' independently and/or increasing their awareness of ‘working with' other volunteers. In conclusion, our investigation shows that the spontaneous volunteers programme may flexibly work as some of the spontaneous volunteers may be experts who encourage beginners' involvement aiding effective collaboration to fit their helps to the needs of affected people.

This study examines the management of social enterprises from the perspective of institutional logic, focusing on a Japanese labor transition support business for people with disabilities that operates as a joint-stock corporation. We examined the diversity of management approaches to the competing social and economic logics and discussed the relationship between management and organizational performance. As a result, we found how to balance the two logics are closely related to organizational outcomes. In addition, we revealed that there are various companies in this industry, and a state of segregation is occurring.

This study aimed to examine the role of donation in the relationship between neighborhood association participation and subjective well-being among Japanese older adults. I analyzed data from older adults (N=1,092, ages 65–82 years) from ten Japanese municipalities, and found that neighborhood association participants have greater subjective well-being and make larger donations than non-participants. In addition, neighborhood association participation had indirect effects on subjective well-being through the amount of donation. These results suggest that neighborhood association participations among Japanese older adults have positive effects on their subjective well-being through prosocial behaviors.

This study examines the structure and characteristics of the monetary donation markets in the U.S. and Japan based on existing research and search demand data. The quantitative aspect of the markets is analyzed using the SCP paradigm, while the qualitative aspect is analyzed using the market quality theory. Quantitatively, the donation markets in Japan and the U.S. have fragmented structures. In Japan, disasters are a major driver of market expansion. It means that the Japanese donation culture is focused on charity and that the underlying structural giving is still immature. Qualitatively, it can be inferred that strengthening the intermediary function of the donation market will improve the market's quality and increase both major gifts and small donations in Japan. The entry of more philanthropic organizations with diverse approaches and ambitious goals will contribute to the market expansion by creating new demand for donations that are less likely to compete with other organizations.

There is no consensus about which business and revenue structures are suitable for nonprofit organizations to ensure financial stability. This paper clarifies the revenue structures and the changes in nonprofit organizations by analyzing their revenues from several perspectives. Namely, we noted three segmentations of their revenues: from 5M yen to 10M, from 10M to 20M, and from 20M to 30M, and then we scrutinized the financial statements for the fiscal year of 2003/2006/2011/2018 and the annual reports for the fiscal year of 2018 in nonprofit organizations in Kobe City. First, we confirmed that the total revenue increased significantly in these terms, and the primary factor was an enlargement of the business income. Second, we discovered that the nonprofit organizations with the revenue from 5M to 30M have four types of classification such as "business-income-type," "diversification-type," "donation-type" and "grant-type" which vary in their revenue structures. Third, we observed that the nonprofit organizations earning an income from 5M to 10M have a variety of revenue structures while the diversity is gradually losing as their revenues expand.

Fukutake Education and Culture Foundation, a grantmaking foundation operating in Okayama prefecture, Japan had conducted a joint research together with a nonprofit umbrella organization (Okayama NPO Center) and a researcher to understand the current circumstance and needs of its grantees. The result showed that a considerable number of ex-grantees are continuing the activities after the end of grant period, and that the Foundation's grant helped them to win trust and other resources to consolidate the basis of their activities and organizations. They also mentioned the change happened in their local communities in the last ten years, and non-urban areas reported more positive changes than their urban counterparts. Collaboration of multi-stakeholders for a research is helpful to bring different strength and knowledge together, but the authors emphasize the importance of all stakeholders to discuss together from the very early stage of research, to have a common understanding of the aim, use, and the design of the research, as well as a close and frequent communication.