This study focuses on how nursery school teachers deal with the developmental characteristics of 1— and 2—year—olds. The objective is to clarify when the nursery school teachers experience hesitation and distress in dealing with the developmental characteristics of 1— and 2—year—olds in providing excretion assistance and the solution to the challenge. In this study, 2 cases in which nursery school teachers face situations wherein toddlers 1.5 years to 2 years manifest dislike for diaper change will be considered. 　As a result, regarding hesitation and distress of nursery school teachers＂, hesitation and distress arising from respect that child caregivers who have the intention of providing childcare have for the identity of toddlers＂and＂hesitation and distress which arise in the process of the nursery school teachers endeavoring to fulfill their role as nursery school teachers in charge＂were identified. These feelings occurred because of nursery school teachers＇faith in the present development of toddlers and hope for their next development as ones who have the intention of providing childcare. With respect to the solution process of nursery school teachers＂, solution process through cooperation as expressed through collegiality among nursery school teachers＂and＂solution process in choosing priorities when forced to deal simultaneously with one toddler or another＂were identified. It was considered of primary importance that nursery school teachers, as ones having the intention of childcare, should respect the identity of the toddlers based on the foundation of＂toddlers taking action after convincing themselves＂and to face their present feelings with care.

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Objective：We clarified the characteristics of difficulties in carrying out infection prevention measures　for nurses and nursery teachers in nursery schools. Method：From April to June 2017, we performed a self—administered questionnaire survey for members　of organizations to which nursery nurses（hereinafter referred to as＂nurses＂）belong. The questionnaire　was mainly composed of multiple—choice question items, and at the end of the question, there　was a free—forms about＂Having trouble proceeding with infection prevention measures in the nursery　school.＂ Result：We analyzed the obtained answers of 78 nurses and 66 nursery teachers, using the free description　type questionnaire. As a result, the extracted words were summarized in five categories：［Difficulties　not understood even if children’s symptoms are conveyed to parents］［, Difficulty in preventing infection　during gastroenteritis outbreak］［, Difficulties in gaining the understanding of the principal and　nursery teachers］［, Difficulty in　　implementing and learning appropriate treatment methods for vomiting ］［, Difficulties in training and acquiring procedures for infection prevention measures in the nursery　school］. From response analysis and co—occurrence network analysis, it was clarified that the nursing　job had less difference in the number of years of experience for difficulties than nursery teachers, and　among them, cooperation with nursery teachers and promotion of infection prevention measures by　holding training were issues at the nursery schools, and nursery teachers made it a problem to treat　appropriate vomiting for infection prevention and to convey the symptoms of kindergarten children to　parents. In correspondence analysis and co—occurrence network analysis, nurses with more than 20　years of experience are＂guardians＂, nurses with less than 5 years are＂understanding＂and＂gaining＂,and nursery teachers with 5 to 19 years of experience Relationships were confirmed with the words　＂infection＂＂, treatment＂＂, response＂, and＂carry out＂. It was clarified that the difficult tasks differ depending　on the number of years of experience for nursery teachers, while the difference for nurses depends　on the number of years of experience. Conclusion：In order to promote infection prevention measures at the nursery schools, it was concluded　to be important for opportunities to exchange information between nurses, nurses to collaborate　with nursery teachers in the nursery schools as medical professionals, and nursery teachers to acquire　and implement appropriate infection prevention measures.

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In the＂quasi—marketed＂childcare business, it is expected that there will be survival competition　involving social welfare corporations and NPO corporations in the future. It is presumed that nursery　school operators who are particularly sensitive to this situation are currently accumulating know—how　for＂survival competition＂. The purpose of this study was to investigate the＂survival strategies＂accumulated　in nursery school management companies and to clarify the differences in strategies for each　company size. We conducted semi structured interviews with 5 executives of largescale enterprises and　5 executives of small scale enterprises, and asked＂Why did you enter the childcare business?＂and＂What　are your strengths? The collaboratorsʼ narratives were categorized using a categorical analysis based on　a grounded theory approach. As a result, we were able to generate five category groups：＂Corporate　background＂＂, Management policy＂＂, Management strength＂＂, Company management difficulty＂, and　＂Critique of the current situation＂. In the case of a large—scale company, it was found that it is necessary　to manage childcare workers by utilizing evidence—based childcare and introducing IT and ICT equipment,and to efficiently provide high—quality childcare. In the case of small—scale companies, the two pillars　of＂survival strategy＂are important：childcare content with a high degree of freedom to increase　the satisfaction of parents and children, and improvement of the treatment of childcare workers who　support the childcare.

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Introduction：In this article, the authors discuss mental health and possible correlates among childcare workers caring for children（0—6 years old）in nursery school in Japan；while such workers frequently leave the job, 12 studies examine this phenomenon. Methods：A narrative review was conducted of ten articles from the Japan Medical Abstracts Database regarding research participants, mental health indicators, and possible correlates. Results：The type of childcare workers studied varied（full—time or part—time, some facilities）, and the articles presented quantitative research. Various indicators were used to measure mental health, and the results for workers with burnout were inconsistent with those for general workers. Possible correlates to mental health also varied across studies, and the obtained results were inconsistent. Conclusion：This review shows the need for research with systematic, standardized methods to measure working environment and mental health in a large sample of childcare workers considering previous job stress models for general workers.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify what ICT—based childcare records bring to early childhood education and care（ECEC）teachers through a case study. We interviewed two ECEC teachers at X childcare center. As a result, we found that the ICT—based childcare records brought the following benefits to the ECEC teachers：＂Advantages of using a tablet＂＂, Disadvantages of using a tablet＂＂, Looking back from a different perspective by using the response items＂＂, Difficulty in thinking according to the response items＂＂, Awareness by visualizing the number of times each child was recorded＂＂, Utilization for other records＂, and＂Improvement in daily situations＂. Among them, the characteristics of ICT—based childcare records were ＂advantages of using tablets＂, ＂disadvantages of using tablets＂＂, utilization in other records＂, and＂awareness through visualization of the number of records for each child＂. In addition, when we examined the purpose of introducing ICT— based childcare records at X childcare center from the three perspectives of（1）improving work efficiency to reduce overtime（, 2）deepening understanding of children, and（3）reflecting on childcare support, we found that although it did not contribute to（1）, it did contribute to（2）and（3）. Although ICT—based childcare records have been discussed from the perspective of increasing efficiency and reducing workload, it is important to consider how they can contribute to the reflection of ECEC, which is the original purpose of childcare records.

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Objective：The voluntary driver’s license return system started in 1998. However, few studies exist on the impact of health related factors on intention to return a driver’s license. This survey aimed to determine the impact of health related factors on the returning of driver’s licenses by elderly people. Methods：We conducted a survey on intention to relinquish driver’s license and health checklist （checklist for care prevention by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare）among elderly. We performed a multivariate analysis considering returning driver’s license as a dependent variable and clarified relevant health perception. Results：Results of the multivariate analysis showed that the intention to relinquish a driver’s license was not related to age, gender, or awareness of driving decline＂. Risk of cognitive decline＂（OR：3.94） and＂risk of social withdrawal＂（OR：4.20）were related to the returning of licenses. Elderly people with a risk of cognitive decline tended to be unwilling to return their licenses. The most frequent reasons for not wanting to relinquish that the license was indispensable for maintaining quality of life（QOL）. Conclusion：The elderly’s intention to return the driver’s license was related to the cognitive function and the risk of social withdrawal. In order to maintain the QOL of the elderly, it is necessary to simultaneously promote the use of a cognitive function test at the time of driver’s license renewal as well as provide more efficient transportation system for socially weak people against traffic.

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