Our intuitive understanding of bullying as a typical group dynamics phenomenon was critically examined. The dynamics among bullying parties are too diverse and relationships within the bullying group are also very complex. The bullying phenomenon is so contradictory to one another, time processes are also involved which makes the situation more complex. The only element that should be common, the pain of the bullying victim, is also problematic. Some victims are unable to report bullying, and some victims of bullying are unable to recognize bullying as damage. For this reason, understanding bullying is associated with difficulties in principle. However, by delving into the group dynamic structures that cause suffering to victims, we can find another common denominator: definitive and unilateral relationship. The double structure in which this relationship is further treated definitively and unilaterally by those around them is the essence of bullying. Bullying encompasses every possible pattern of group dynamics in it and is not a simple phenomenon. Nevertheless, we consider bullying to be a phenomenon that occurs only in the domain of children, and we are under the illusion that its structure is simple. Such assumption is the same as the composition of ignoring and assuming in bullying. We ourselves are already trapped in a structure of definitive and unilateral group dynamics. This is why there is serious confusion in understanding and responding to bullying issues. We can objectify this group dynamic structure by focusing on the discourse and temporal processes of bullying. Through theoretical consideration of bullying, the possibility of contributing to bullying response practice was also discussed.

There are some serious problems in local area management in Japan. Although Taiwan is similar to Japan culturally, socially, and environmentally, the Taiwanese local system appears to have some differences and reasonable characters comparing with Japanese local system. This study sought to determine the factors related to the effective operation of the smallest local governing unit in Taiwan -the village (Li). A participant observation was conducted in a typical Taipei urban area. Daily village activities were observed with participation, documents were collected, and the chief as well as the village residents were interviewed. Result showed that the village had both an official status and equal relationship with upper government, and the elected village chief played an important role in solving local problems. We also found that the transparency of the village system was guaranteed by the active participants in local activities, who seemed to play the role of the village assembly. In this article, information from the original research time (2011) to 2023 was added. Also, historical back ground of village system is explored.