Russian oil and gas exports have been controlled by the measures of quantitative restrictions and export taxes, which seem to be a key reason for the large differences between exporting and domestic prices on oil and gas. The price differences became one of the main obstacles for Russia to enter the WTO. But, after finishing bilateral negotiations with EU, Russia seems to enter the WTO without being forced to change its exporting system dramatically. It means Russian oil and gas exporting system are sufficiently liberalized according to the WTO criteria, but it indicates the deficiencies of the WTO treaties, simultaneously.

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The objective of this paper is to make the factors which provided for sluggish inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Russia clear, based on the geography and empirical analysis of determinants of FDI to transition countries. As a result, the existence of "peculiar" or "very conspicuous" investment disincentives in Russia was proved. The former is the nationalism to resources and the complexity of relation between the central and local government. The latter is the uncertainty on

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This paper examines the latest dispute and many former investigations about motives of exit from East Germany. The main point of the dispute is whether they were mainly economic. Behind this dispute there is a constitutional amendment about regulations of refugee reception in the Unified Germany. This dispute gives a suggestion to the "refugee-from-North-Korea" problem. This paper comes to some conclusions including that East German exit motives were various but very often compound and it is very difficult to dissociate economic motives from political ones because of exit from a totalitarian dictatorship, the dispute did not consider that there was an essential change of the attitude of exit applicants after the final acts of CSCE (Helsinki, 1975).

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The Polish commercial banks in the process of transition depending on the capital and institutionalization from foreign countries show in contrast with credit granting behavior between SMEs and big enterprises of which banks easily overcome the information asymmetry.
Having risk avoiding incentives, banks limit lending to SMEs because of their trustless information and holdup problem due to still insufficient institutionalization and immature system, then the granting credit of banks is inactive although the demand of investment capital increases.

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Ukraine dependents on Russian oil and its import route. Due to resolve this asymmetry interdependence, Ukraine government planed Odessa-Brodi oil pipeline which aim to supply non-Russian to domestic consumers as well as transit to European market. This project was plan was completed in 2001. However, domestic con-sumers had been acquisitioned by Russian oil companies. Only Russian oil companies offered to use this route as opposite direction, or Reverse to export Russian oil In 2004, Ukraine finally ac-cepted Russian offer, started transit Russian oil by reverse regime. This ill success project could be regarded as a deeping off asymmetry.

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The independence of central banks in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary was realized during the process of EU accession and the introduction of inflation targeting schemes in order to achieve a price level in accordance with the Euro convergence criteria. However, despite joining the EU, the laws of the central banks in all these countries were to be amended to curtail their independence due to recessions and repeated deviations from targets. This is of great significance because these attempts to amend the existing laws happened in the "advanced" transition countries. Such incidents once again bring into focus issues pertaining to the independence of central banks in transition countries.

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