The decrease in total output has been accompanied by the increase in employment in the electricity, oil and gas sectors in Russia during the process of transition. The paper examines the cause of this phenomenon, using official labor statistics and the author's estimates. It is shown that the cost structure, high profitability, and extensive wage arrears of these three sectors make them able to increase employment under the condition of the decrease in total output.

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The economic reform strategy in the Czech Republic changed in 1998 when the Social Democratic Party came to power. The main changes of industrial policy were to introduce FDI incentives and a new privatization method by direct sales to foreign investors. These policies contributed to corporate reform and increased exports. As a result the national economy of the Czech Republic has developed.

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This paper attempts to build a theoretical framework for analyzing the process and strategy of transition from a socialist economic system to a market economy. We tried to incorporate both transition and development perspectives in a single framework that concurrently analyses the transition process and the development mechanism of countries in transition. We also showed that the gradualist strategy, rather than the shock-therapy strategy, is appropriate and effective for developing socialist countries such as China and Vietnam.

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Capitalism is a reason-based system. That is, capitalism is not only founded on results and functions of reason as science & technology and philosophy, but also systemically embodies the attributes of reason as the recognition tool of object, generality, universality, hierarchy and autonomy. In other words, the relation of objects and reason is systemically similar to the relation of commodities and money. And the organization of the enterprise forms a hierarchy. So network organization, welfare based on the idea of normalization and NPOs are embodiments of anti-rationalism and synthetic moments.

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In October 2002, the first population census since the dissolution of the USSR and the independence of Russia was conducted in Russia. This paper analyzes the changes in questionnaires included in the previous 1989 census and the 2002 census and pointed out three major changes: 1) reflecting the transformation of the economic system, the number of questions concerning employment increased considerably, and included detailed queries about unemployment and job hunting; 2) questions asking about means of livelihood were significantly altered; 3) questions concerning citizenship, nationality and languages were greatly changed due to the collapse of the USSR.

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