In Russia in the 1990s the land reform was carried out, but the essential characteristics of newly organized agricultural enterprises are not so different from those of former kolkhozy and sovkhozy, and private farmers (fermery) did not develop rapidly contrary to the expectations of the power. This report aims to look at the historical background of these contemporary problems with the special comments on peasant commune in the 1920s, and collectivization of agriculture in the 1930s. This report also introduces the interesting viewpoint of a Russian scholar, I. E. Koznova, on this subject.

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The problems of Kaliningrad-enclave within the EU-are the test of Europe after enlargement of the EU. The failure of the Special Economic Zone brings about depression and the shadow economy is growing, which broaden the socio-economic gap between this region and the EU. The prospect for getting rid of the gap is vital to solve the problems. Russia should push forward with the development plan based on the national strategy to change this region from Symbols of dividing to Footholds of cooperation, coming close to the EU system through the Common European Economic Space.

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This study examines the trickling-down effect from the coastal regions to the inland regions of China to better understand her regional disparity. Here the trickling-down effect is analyzed mainly from the perspective of the interregional inputoutput analysis. Using a multi-regional input-output model, our analysis shows that the magnitude of the effect (especially the one to the western regions) is quite small, although two coastal growth poles (i.e. the central coastal region and the southern coastal region) have some effects to their adjacent inland regions. The results show the validity of the China's recent development strategy for her western regions.

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Two main integrated environmental and economic accounting systems, the SEEA and the NAMEA frameworks, are reviewed in this paper with an emphasis on derived indicators. NAMEA indicators in physical terms better serve the multi-dimensional needs of sustainable development than the adjusted monetary macro-indicators in the SEEA, which rely on the maintenance cost valuation. While maintenance costs are crucial for policy making, approximating the depreciation of natural assets with maintenance costs is controversial and misleading. Physical accounts should be the core of integrated accounts, and they should always be made public.

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The objective of this study is to test the applicability of the gravity model on interregional migration patterns in the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The results clearly show that geographical (gravity) factors critically affect migration decisions in Russia. Although several problems are involved, distance-decay effects on migration were significantly observed; hence, geographical factors must be taken into consideration when analyzing migration in Russia.

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This paper attempts to build up a "background justice" to support systemic transition, that is, Leszek Balcerowicz's fundamental theory will be evolved in terms of "dynamic egalitarianism" based on John Rawls' social justice, and I will show a paradigm aiming at the process of systemic transition. I conclude that Balcerowicz's "L policy - I policy - S policy" is secured by "background justice"; that is, L (liberalization) policy is supported by just conceptions of "justice as fairness", I (fundamental institutional restructuring) policy by political conceptions of "Property-Owning Democracy", S (stabilization) policy by the idea of "overlapping consensus".

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