About 7 hour's static observation with PPK analysis and 2.5 minute's RTK positioning per point were conducted at 10 points of outside forest and 21 points of inside forest to verify the accuracy of low-cost dual-frequency GNSS receivers. Average horizontal positional error of static observation with PPK analysis and RTK positioning under forest canopy were 1.22 and 1.72 m respectively and there was a significant difference, after excluding large positional error of more than 10 m. The horizontal positioning error of 4 satellite system (GPS + QZSS + GLONASS + Galileo) were less than the error of 3 satellite system (GPS + QZSS + Galileo) and the error of dual-frequency (L1 + L2) were less than the error of single-frequency (L1) for static observation with PPK analysis. Frequency of the large positional error occurrence got smaller as the elevation mask's value got bigger from 20 (25, 30) to 35 deg. The error of fix solution was less than float solution for RTK positioning. Average vertical positional error of static observation with PPK analysis and RTK positioning under forest canopy were 2.12 and 2.49 m respectively. It is suggested that horizontal position is decided by static observation with PPK analysis outside mobile phone network range, and by RTK positioning within mobile phone network first, then altitude value will be adopted from high resolution elevation model, which are developed recently.

This study aimed 1) to clarify the current status and experience of playing in nature of elementary school students and the effects of experience of short-term stay outdoor experience on environmental awareness, 2) to consider the application for promoting the effective outdoor experience and the challenges. In order to grasp the change of environmental awareness by outdoor experience, questionnaires were simultaneously distributed on three opportunities; before, just after the outdoor experience and one month later. As a result, nature feeling of school children and awareness of responsibility attribution to others were improved and retained through the analysis of variance in a single factor model (ANOVA) using survey opportunity. On the other hand, the relationship between variation of playing and nature feeling, and changes of environmental awareness was identified and the effect of outdoor experience to reduce the difference of nature feeling and to homogenize it was found through the analysis of variance in a double factor model (ANOVA) using playing and survey opportunity. However, the difference of nature feeling and some related environmental awareness were not eliminated after outdoor experience through ANOVA using nature feeling and survey opportunity and thus the effect of not only short-term stay outdoor experience but also current status and experience of playing in nature on environmental awareness was confirmed.

Educational changes in contents and characteristics associated with “forest products processing” were analyzed using the “Education Ministry Guidelines” (1947-2017) and school textbooks as a series of investigation regarding forestry and forest educational change. The analysis was conducted in agriculture and industry education fields where forestry and forest education courses were installed. In agricultural education, more than one courses were placed under the subject “agriculture”. The educational goals were wood production and utilization; then, since the 1990's, they have shifted to academic knowledge and various techniques to meet professional education requirements. The educational content haven't followed the change of goals. They were classified into five fields and nine elements (*underscored*): 1) “general remarks” including *purpose and trends*; 2) “solid wood” including *anatomy and properties*; 3) “wood processing” including *sawing and drying*, *mechanical processing*, *finishing and engineering processing*; 4) “forest production” including *charcoal and biomass production*, and *paper and pulp production*; and 5) “non-wood forest products” including *mushroom*, *special forest products and mountain vegetables*. In industrial education, wood was industrial materials. Educational contents were structures and wood processing for interior design including furniture. In this field, educational content concerning wood have increased because of growing awareness of environment in recent years. In conclusion, the forest products education has emphasized sustainable use of biological renewable resources from timber production in environmentally friendly way. Updating the current educational contents and materials with special details that fit a students' potential is an essential challenge for strengthening professional education for the future.

This study examined the effects of nature experience activities in a forest environment from the perspective of effects on Feelings toward Nature, Resilience and Restorative Effect. As a method of analyzing the effects, we used the group comparison design to examine the effects of the program on all participants, and a single-case research design to examine the effects of the program on individual. The participants of the study were 26 university students who participated in a 5-day Nature Experience Activity, which included Forest Environment Education Activities and Stream Climbing Activities. As a result of the study, the group comparison design showed that the program experience improved Feelings toward Nature and Resilience. SCD showed the transformation of Restorative Effect of the program experience for each participant, and there are differences in the effects of each participant's experience in the forest environment. The results of Restorative Effect from the analysis of SCD suggested a link between the effect of improving Feelings toward Nature and Resilience. This study was able to show new findings into the effects and analysis methods of Nature Experience Activities.

A past study found forest-related subjective well-being (forest SWB) of forest owners were lower than non-owners. It is important to improve owners' forest SWB because improvement could constitute a policy goal and enhance the motivation for management of owned forests. We investigated to identify the possible factors, especially the ones that are related to forest policies, to improve owners' forest SWB through simple moderation effect analyses with the whole sample and multiple regression analyses with forest owners alone from a questionnaire survey with 1,457 responses. We identified possible factors for improving owners' forest SWB such as wood-working activity, relaxing experiences in forests. Forest owners' specific conditions such as engagement as an officer of the property ward, a higher plantation forest ratio, and a higher degree of recognizing the border of owned forests also related to higher SWB. Revenue or harvest in the past one year might improve owners' forest SWB while past revenue or harvest before one-year decreases owners' SWB.

To further progress breeding of two larch species with an increased demand for forest use in Hokkaido, Japan-the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and L. gmelinii var. japonica-screening of the genetic background of larch breeding resources is required, including crossed progeny as well as exact species discrimination. In this study, a set of 48 markers was developed to detect the genetic variations in the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of larch species that were inherited paternally and maternally, respectively. The variant sites were extracted from known sequences, and the number of chloroplast sites for the intraspecific variation of Japanese larch and L. gmelinii was 33 and eight, respectively, with five chloroplast and two mitochondrial sites for interspecific variations. The evaluation of these 48 sites was conducted by the developed markers using 47 individuals (24 Japanese larch, seven L. gmelinii, and 16 hybrid larch with certain sib-records) to detect the polymorphisms in 32 sites. Fifteen and seven haplotypes were constructed in Japanese larch and L. gmelinii, respectively. The proportion of the accurate discrimination of both parental species was 100％. This marker set could be valuable for larch breeding resources to confirm their species and to evaluate their genetic lineage simultaneously.

Wild azaleas are declining in the secondary forests in the Kansai region, and their conservation has become an important issue. In order to strategically conserve wild azaleas, we believe it is necessary to develop a method for obtaining quantitative data on flowering individuals over an area of several hundred hectares. A total of 109.4 ha of forest in Takaragaike Park (Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City) was the subject of this study. An orthomosaic image was created from data taken by a UAV on April 8, 2020. Using a machine learning, we automatically detected the flowers of Rhododendron reticulatum from orthomosaic images. At the same time, flowering individuals of R. reticulatum were surveyed at 46 sites. The accuracy of detecting the flowers of R. reticulatum using a machine learning was high (Overall Accuracy＝97.9％). There was a strong correlation between the number of flowering individuals at the field study sites and the area of flowers calculated from image detection results (r＝0.75). A new method for understanding the distribution of flowering individuals of R. reticulatum was demonstrated.