Social media is supposed to connect diverse information and people, but now facilitating social division and information homogenization. In particular, closed information environments, such as echo chambers and filter bubbles, are prone to information that meets one’s preferences, and information from a different perspective is difficult to access, so there is a risk that they may become a hotbed for fake news and hate. This article addresses the mechanisms of echo chambers and filter bubbles from the viewpoint of computational social science, and consider the negative aspects of the web. We also discuss the problems that the technology of the Web should overcome in the future.

When conducting systematic reviews, it is essential to perform a comprehensive literature search to identify all published studies relevant to the specific research question. The Cochrane Collaborations Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR) guidelines state that searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL should be considered mandatory. The aim of this article was to provide guidance for those undertaking a literature search for a systematic review. It is important to construct search strategy carefully in literature search for systematic review. It is also necessary to continue to gather and update information on resources available for systematic review.

Exploratory search is the process of generating information needs, finding information to fulfill the needs with trial and error, and utilize the information in a variety of context. During this process, seachers’ knowledge structure is re-constructed, and therefore, this is the utmost opportunity for autonomous learning. In order for users to easily conduct exploratory search process, it is necessary not only to prepare seamless information environments, but also to cultivate searchers’ search experience, ways of quickly acquire domain knowledge, and self-efficacy. Information professionals are expected to understand exploratory search process, conversion of implicit knowledge of exploratory search into formal knowledge, and transfer of efficient and effective autonomous learning method through exploratory search.

There are Two types of libraries in the hospital, medical library and patient library. Medical libraries give clinical information to health care staffs in the hospital. Patient libraries in the hospital give medical and health information to patients and consumers. This paper has reviewed the recent activities and problems of those libraries in the hospital. Also cooperation of both libraries along with public library is important to provide health information to the public effectively.