The result of the survey on agricultural settlement conducted in 2000 showed amazing change in rural society. In this paper, I will focus on the episode occurred in the process of such changes of rural survey in the 1960s and 1970s, and consider the meaning of change of “the spirit of MURA.” In the final section, I will introduce special marriage customs seen in the Tohoku region, and attempt to clarify one of the original patterns of MURA spirit.
　　　Keyword: Specialization of an agricultural settlement, Polarization, Traditional custom life, Friction with new farming management, Succession of IE, The original patterns of MURA spirit.

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　　　The “resettlement villages” were created by the people recovering from Hansen’s disease in South Korea from 1960s. It is very important that they keep their human right to live and work, and also society needs to be aware of this, while they need to be relieved from their socially disadvantageous situation.
　　　We are emphasizing the following four points based on this study,using the development process of “C village” and other resettlement villages. Firstly patients with and recovered from Hansen’s disease will reside permanently in the resettlement villages. They are getting over social restriction through their productive cooperatives. Secondly we looked at a specific case gaining their independence through the livestock industry. Thirdly the isolated situation as a resettlement village and an individual has been fusing to general society through their development. Fourthly we can see a general tendency of differentiation in these resettlement villages.
　　　In addition to clarifying where resettlement villages fit into society, consideration was given to people in socially disadvantageous conditions and methods of development.

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　　　This paper aims at examining the historical background and the social implications of “public cemeteries” in Korea. The colonial government of Japan introduced such cemeteries to Korean society in 1912, and the post-independence Korean government also has been promoting the similar policy, especially since the 1970s. The purpose of those policies was to control the location and size of cemeteries for land use planning.
　　　In Jeju province, the biggest island of Korea, graves traditionally located by Pungsu (Feng-sui), and it did not mattar whether the burying place was on burier’s own land or not. However, from the 1980s, local residents started to use maul cemeteries built in the 1970s. This change was due to the shortage of space for burial land, because the expansion of citrus cultivation as well as the introduction of tourism changed the agricultural land use system and increased the price of land.
　　　In the death study, scholars have proposed a hypothesis that the modernization of any societies is accompanied by the concealment of death. This hypothesis could apply to the development process of public cemeteries in Jeju province. However, this process occurred not only by the government policies implying the concealment of death but also by the changed conditions on land use, which force residents to use cemeteries separated from their settlement.

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　　　Shigeru Inuta (1891-1957), a well-known writer of peasant literature, constructed Nohonshiso (Japanese Agrarianism), exhibiting his theories of its literature. However, his Nohonshiso has been disregarded for a long time. Therefore, we certainly must remember that his thought is highly suggestive. In this paper, I would like to clarify several important aspects of his Nohonshiso.
　　　Inuta started to write peasant literature from 1918. If one examines his articles, one can see he considered this literature as a self-expression of farmers. He asserted that this literature had been written from their viewpoint. He also considered this literature as an effective means to reorganize rural communities.
　　　In addition, he criticized the peasant literature written by writers of proletarian literature, because they regarded such literature as a strong tool to overthrow the government and the Tenno (Japanese Emperor) system. Inuta, that is to say, criticized that the literature they formulated did not thoroughly expressed the sense and feeling of farmers, and that it lacked the reality of agriculture and rural life.
　　　In 1938, an association of peasant literary writers and theorists, Nomin-bungaku-konwakai, was organized by the government authorities. Most of them took part in this national association of for peasant literature. Unfortunately, it played the role of a governmental agency and, in World War II, it supported Japanese Fascism.
　　　Inuta, however, did not take part in this association, because he thought that its literature should express the sense and feeling of peasants, and the reality of agriculture and rural life. He definitely did not think that it should be adjusted to national policy.

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　　　The purpose of this paper is to explore how we should build the relationship with the wildlife doing negative effects on the human life. The “Wildlife issues” taken up here is the damage to crops by wild boars. The damage by wild boars has become a crucial social issue in Japan’s rural area. Although the reason of the increasing damage has been an object of study in various fields, for example in the ethology, there is little study from sociological angle. This paper focuses on rural people’s opinions, which are investigated through intensive interviews. The opinion of people who have suffered from the wild boars’ problem is, in fact, the key to an understanding of “Wildlife issues”.
　　　The most interested finding is that the people’s opinion on the wild boars’ problem relies not only on their personal direct experiences, but also on the common view constructed in the community life. The latter view is crucial, when the community members decide to deal with such kind of issues.

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