From a view point of the component unit and the principle of formation, we try to make frame of reference to classify little communities, especially village communities in Japan, using the axis of coordinates. The “ie” and the household as the component units can be situated at both poles of Y axis. The “mura” and administrative area as the principle of formation can be placed at both poles of X axis. Then the plain is divided into four quadrants. By these four quadrants Japanese rural communities can be classified into four types. Quadrant Ⅰ is consisted of “ie” and “mura” , Ⅱ is consisted of “ie” and administrative area, the Ⅲ is consisted of households and administrative district, and the Ⅳ is consisted of households and “mura”.

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　　　In this article I place the pluriactivity farmer as an important part of Japanese agriculture in contemporary times. In the first part I survey processes of statistics of Japanese agriculture and farmers, especially agricultural census from its origin to present. I identify the change of the definition of technical terminology ; farming family and its subdivision category, full-time farming family and pluriactivity farming family. After all I find Japanese agricultural census have expected only full-time farming family and full-time farmer as the main part.
　　　In the second part I divide the members of farming family into 3 categories according to their jobholding situation : a person specialized farming, a person farming and doing the other job, a person doing the other job. I illustrate that the ratio of person farming and doing the other job is almost fixed or little increasing. When we refer to the reliance of Japanese agriculture, we can not disregard that ratio. Next I compare the working time of paddy farmers with the farmers who cultivate vegetables in forcing house. Paddy farmer’s working time is rapidly decreasing owing to machines. But the size of their field has not grown larger. So they likely spend much more time for other jobs. Vegetable farmer’s working time still keeps too much high level to take enough rest. We can understand working conditions are getting worse than former years. It is more necessary to change these situation by introducing work-sharing and accelerating multiple-activity between agriculture and the other job.
　　　In the last part I refer to the poor social security system of Japanese pluriactivity farmer. So we have to immediately make arrangements for establishing social security system not only for full-time farmers but also for pluriactivity farmers.

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　　　Recently, they take notice of the women’s roles for the development of farm management or agricultural administration, but women’s claims are not evaluated correctly. The author gathered information by questionnarires to rural women. They required modernization of family relationship, establishment of comfortable farming by respect of individual, and so on.
　　　Family farm agreement is the ideal family farm of women’s requirement, and it’s made clear by Takasaki city case study.
　　　The farm household involves product unit and life unit, so we never fail to harmonize with them for the development of sustainable farm management. Because, women consider the farm management from both product and life.
　　　For the progress of women’s position and the partnership of farm management, the author would like to present the concept of “farm household management” instead of “farm management”.

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　　　Changing process of village community seems to consist of four phases. Discrimination of each phase mainly depends on the degree of separation between self-governing organization and organization for agricultural production.
　　　Through on and after economic high growth era, the impact of industrialization caused depopulation, increase of part time farmers and mixed residence of farmers and non-farmers in village community. As a result of these, organization for agricultural production began to separate from self-governing organization, and integration of village community decreased.
　　　Phase 1 is the starting point of the changing process, where two organizations were integrated. In phase 2 , separation arose and extended. In phase 3 , reorganization of village community become an important subject. In phase 4 , organization of rural community containing several village communities will be expected.

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　　　There is traditional food processing of vegetable called, Tsukemono, which is a kind of pickles in Japan. This food was processed in the winter season, and was supplied to individuals for their consumption. Recently, however, commercial traders of Tsukemono are developing. They are attempting to supply in all seasons, by changing production areas and utilizing foreign vegetables, loosing characteristics of local special products. In this paper, localities of Tsukemono are examined in terms of the production and the processing of vegetables. A pattern is found that the vegetable producers are distant from the processing traders.

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