The accident that three children and two adult males who tried to rescue the children died occurred at Jogehamain beach in 2014. The beach was known in the around area for the small cusp topography and steep slope. Therefore, the beach was the swimming prohibited area, and they played on the beach when the accident occurred. However, the big wave suddenly run up to the beach, and the children were swept out to sea. Following the accident, we investigated the causes why this accident occurred. Firstly, we comprehended the wave condition when the accident occurred. Secondary, we conducted field survey to obtain the topography of the field. The geographic data for the numerical simulation was made from the aerial photograph that was taken by Drone. Finally, we comprehended the wave dynamics on the beach by the horizontal two dimensional numerical model and the vertical two dimensional numerical model.

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 This paper focuses on modeling of wave deformation characteristics around the surf and swash zones on a steeply sloping gravel beach with relatively high permeability. The developed may be extended for predictions of the deformation and stability of the gravel beach. Laboratory experiments were first carried out and interacting characteristics of wave fields and deforming gravel beach were quantitatively captured through the image-based analysis. A two-layer numerical wave model was then developed accounting for the wave penetration and attenuation inside the gravel layer. The developed model was applied to the present laboratory experiments, and the validated model was used for further investigations of the time-varying wave characteristics on the deforming gravel beach.

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 Cambodia have been rapidly developed in recently year, and many development project also have planned in Cambodia. However, the Cambodian Environmental Impact Assessment Law was put a law into force, recently. For perform the environmental impact assessment, the flow mechanism, the water quality and another physical quantities have to be known. However the almost observed data in this region does not been supplied in the present. Kampot River flows in the South East area in Cambodia. This river finally flows out to the ocean at Kampot. The authors have concerned in the assessment about this region since 2010, and conducted many field survey to obtain the information about the topography, the water flow, the weather and etc. This study reports the observation result and the feature of the geography, the dynamics of the river flow include the tidal change. And furthermore, this study simulated the river flow and the wind-driven flow. Ultimately, this study tried to know the flow mechanism of this region.

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 To clarify formation mechanism of the beach rock, a recently forming beach rock was observed by viewpoints of ecology and civil engineering in the field, and solidification test of the coral grit was conducted in the laboratory. At the field survey of Yoshiwara shore in Ishigaki Island, a modern artifact in the beach rock was observed. This phenomenon was considered that this beach rock is relatively new formation and it continued in the formation process. Adhesion of green algae and cyanobacterium was observed on the beach rock surface. Cement materials including Ca, Mg and Si were detected by SEM-EDX observation.
 In the indoor experiment, periodic change of the organic matter acidization and alkalinization which linked ebb and flow was determined. As a new finding, eluviation and crystallization of Ca were deeply related to the beach rock formation.

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 A modified cylindrical sediment trap, which was based on a bamboo sampler designed during 1960s to 1980s, for measurements of suspended sediment had been evaluated from experiments in a circulating water channel. Trapping rates of suspended sediment into the trap were quantified using grass particles with several size of a sediment intake and drain hole, and drain mesh aperture in uniform flow.
 Two neashore measurements were conducted to examine practicability of the trap. In Amitori bay, Iriomote Island, the traps were installed at two site in the bay to measure movements of silty sediments in coral reef. In an estuarine tidal flat, Rokujo-gata, a field measurement of sediment transport was conducted by using of the sediment traps to investigate bathymetric stability and sediment dynamics in a winter season.

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 In Tottori Prefecture, sand dredging is a challenge in sandy beaches in the vicinity of the quay or mooring basins with shallow water depth where larger-scale dredgers cannot operate. Therefore an alternative compact sand extraction system is required. In this study, new sand recycling system using a compact jet pump sand extraction device was developed so as to adapt to the dredging sand volume of approximately 1,000 m³ ~ 3,000m³ per year, such as small fishery ports in Tottori. The effects of the proposed system were examined by field test.

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 It has confirmed that covering sea sand alternative material, granulated coal ash (GCA) which made by granulating fly ash, on sediment can improve both reduced sediment and water environments. Specifically, GCA strongly lowered the fat content of sediment covered by GCA. In this paper, we aim at revealing GCA effects on fat adsorption and the dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption through laboratory experiment. We also examine the capacity of GCA on preserving alkaline conditions in the GCA layer. We confirmed that GCA could trap the substances eluted from sediment, lowering the DO consumption. Besides, dissolution of GCA could preserve the alkaline condition in the GCA layer.

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 It has confirmed that covering sea sand alternative material, granulated coal ash (GCA) which made by granulating fly ash, on sediment can improve both reduced sediment and water environments (i.e. improving benthos living conditions). However, it is necessary to evaluate long-term evaluation of physicochemical properties (e.g., strength, water absorption capacity, chemical composition) of GCA. In this study, we aim to physicochemically examine long-term effects of GCA as a covering material though laboratory experiments. We conducted elemental and structural analyses, and dissolution experiments of GCA that collected at 3 and 13 years after applying into in-situ. There was almost no change of the GCA structure at 13 years, suggesting GCA as an alternative stable material of sea sand. However, there were some changes in chemical conditions of GCA due to its dissolution and absorption with other ions.

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 The growth of benthos in Fukuyama inner harbor is inhibited because of the discharge of untreated wastewater into the harbor. Field experiment is conducted to examine restoring benthic environment in sewage-derived soil. Steel-slag that mainly comprised of CaO, SiO₂, is used in combination with sediment macrobail fuel cell (SMFC) that can remove electrons from sediment. The restoration effects is evaluated based on benthos in soil and the soil characteristics.
 The growth of benthos was improved after application of steel-slag or SMFC. Interestingly, the improvement capacity becomes higher when steel-slag was combined with SMFC. This enhancement may be partly due to the removal of electrons by SMFC, leading to decreases of COD and sulfide in soil.

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 Marine environmental creation project underway at Hyakkan port located in the east coast of Ariake Sea is aiming to improve the habitat for sea creature by making mud flat or shallow bottom with utilizing dredged soil. Due to the regulation of collecting sea sand in Kumamoto Prefecture, it is our new challenge to ensure the substitute material for sand. In addition, it should be considered that the covering sand may sink down and dredged soil may come up to the surface, in the case of covering the sand over the soft dredged soil. At the result of test construction of granulated coal ash, that has past record as a substitute for sand, used as a ground stabilizer, we can confirm the effectiveness on the aspect of the ground stabilization and habitat for benthos.

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 Capillary barrier is a soil layer system which is composed of a finer soil layer underlain by a coarser soil layer. The authors found that an employment of crushed shells instead of gravel in the lower layer greatly reduces transport of the finer particles in the upper layer into the lower layer, and provides an effective function of capillary barriers.
 In this study, elution amount of calcium from the crushed shells upon contact with percolating water and effect on pH value of the leachates, had become apparent from the two types of laboratory experiments. As the result, the authors was to clarify the applicability of the crushed shells to the cover soil of the final waste disposal facility et al. required long term stability.

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 The objective of this study is to validate the method of chlorophyll-a (Chla) estimation in the brackish Lake Tougou-ike which is located in the central part of Tottori Prefecture. The 42 (4 times) in-situ spectral reflectance / Chla data set was acquired from May, 2013 to July, 2015 for the validation. As a result, a substantial margin of error at the high Chla area of more than 40 μgL^-1 was observed using "Koyama-ike model" using 2 bands of 672nm and 704nm. A new three band model based on bio-optical theory in the water was adopted and an optimal expression and suitable bands for this lake were discussed to reduce the error. Finally the Chla estimation model using 3 band model of 650nm, 703nm, and 740nm substantially improved the precision of about 8% compared with Lake Koyama-ike model.

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 Eutrophic semi-enclosed bay can lead to a phytoplankton bloom (red tide) and may result in a fishery damage. The purpose of this study is to develop a real time phytoplankton bloom prediction model by using automatic water quality measurement system and meteorological observation. The model forecast a red tide of the next day using observations from 6:00 to 18:00. Depending on comparison of red tide information and water quality, the red tide was defined surface oxygen saturation of greater than 150% in this study. There was a precursor of the red tide from surface temperature, surface salinity, wind speed and global solar radiation. These SI models were proposed based on observation. At first, the prediction model had a problem for estimating of the continuous red tide. Finally, the suggested prediction model could have 59% accuracy which was 2.8 times higher than normal red tide probability.

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 In this paper, a simplified model for the length and growth rate of planktonic manila larvae was developed, along with a numerical model for their vertical movement in Tokyo Bay.
 The individual differences in the growth rate and length of the larvae for different spawning dates were considered in the vertical movement model. The three dimensional movement of Manila clam larvae was simulated using these models. The model was able to reproduce the main features of the larvae population at different depths.

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 In Lake Komuke, which is an important lagoon as carbon sinks, we analyzed previous data and found that salinity and biological metabolism (e.g., photosynthesis and respiration as shown by ΔDIC) are the two key environmental factors affecting CO₂ fugacity in the water column. Further, the data were analyzed using an approximate expression and the numerical computations using three-dimensional numerical model during spring flood to predict spatial and temporal variation of air-sea CO₂ flux. Results show that air-sea CO₂ flux changes into negative (i.e., absorption) when the lake is autotrophic with ΔDIC being < -100μmol/kg.

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 Marimo is revealed to be formed by the rotation of Marimo itself due to the wind waves, which enhances photosynthesis over the entire Marimo-surface. Marimo was registered as a special natural treasure in 1952 because Marimo exists in Lake Akan only all over the world. Recently, it is found that meteorological conditions have been changing due to climate change, which may also change wind speed and wind direction. Therefore, the decrease in wind speed would reduce the occurrence of wind waves. This study thus aims to project wind speed by using GCMs. As a result, the projection demonstrated that wind speed increases in the future, which may enhance the rotation of Marimo.

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 Lakeshore changes due to wind waves were investigated when an island (or a sand cay) is located in a closed water body, taking Lake Balkhash in eastern Kazakhstan and Lake Inawashiro in Fukushima Prefecture as examples. When wind waves are incident to an island located in a closed water body, lakeshore changes associated with the wave-sheltering effect of the island will take place. However, when a sand cay is located in a water body, the sand cay itself can deform owing to the action of wind waves, resulting in the change in wave field. Thus, more complicated lakeshore changes will occur. In this study, the BG model was applied to investigate these lakeshore changes.

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 Beach changes associated with the interaction and mergence of sand bars located at the end of multiple sandy islands were investigated, taking two islands facing the Yellow Sea in Korea and Kara Sea in Russia. When multiple islands are located alternately, the sand bar at the end of one island deforms, while subjecting to the wave-sheltering effect from the other island. In this study, the BG model was used to predict beach changes, when waves are incident randomly in both downward and upward directions to the multiple islands, assuming the initial shape of the sand supply area as an obelisk.

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 In this study, wave observation, current observation and bed level change observation were conducted around the Otoshibe fishing port to reveal the channel sedimentation mechanism. Followings were major accomplishments of this study. From the results of bed level change observation, we find out that sand ascension at channel of Otoshibe Fishing port occurred for Nov. 26 to Dec. 2 and we find out three big shoaling for observation period. To reveal that developmental process of sand at water way we are conducted spectral analysis and EOF analysis. From the results of spectral analysis when big shoaling occurred, the value of spectral width parameter was found to be low. Then we find out that this reason is because wave grouping attacked the Otoshibe Fishing port. From the results of EOF analysis when big shoaling occurred, the contribution ratio of the first EOF mode is high. From the above results, the reasons causing bed level changes are considered big waves by winds or heave waves. When these waves attack to the Otoshibe port, it is considered that the sands transported by the left current are deposited.

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 For the purpose of clarifying the characteristics of the sand waves in the Kanmon waterway, the sounding data by MLIT were analyzed in detail focusing on four areas (Kasase, Yamasokonohana, Mojiko, Tanoura). First, the temporal changes of water depth were analyzed and the process of sand wave development were clarified. Next, the relationship between sand waves and the tide at Shimonoseki were investigated. As a result, it was clarified that the sand waves have relatively high correlation with the long period variation of sea level departure. The finding implies that the long period variation of sea level departure might be a main cause of the sand waves.

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 Barren ground is widely distributed in the sea area. The growth of seaweed is effected by water temperature, wave height, solar radiation and other environmental factors. And feeding pressure of sea urchin is also important to predict seaweed growth. In this research, we have examined the prediction method of the seaweed growth, including how to use environmental date, and when seaweed begins to grow. Estimate results for past 8 years of seaweed amount from this method are almost coincide with observation result. We consider about the effect of decrease of crest depth of rear step.

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 In Shinto Yamaguchi Prefecture Iwakuni, steel-making slag of different chemical and physical properties were put into the waters, the varification of the algal bed substratum formed were carried out. The purpose of this study was to carry out the verification of the fish-gathering effect, which its seaweed function creates an irregularity shape to foundation was constructed by steel-making slag (particle size:30-85mm). From the seagrass beds construction epiphytic, after one month Ectocarpus siliculosus, after 6 month (without irregularities) in the construction area large seaweed, after 18 month the dominant seaweed around natural algal bed substratum Ecklonia kurome, appeared. In the wet weight of seaweed epiphytic in June 2015, rather than a difference depending on the type of steel-making slag, there was a difference due to particle size. After the construction of the algal bed substratum by steel-making slag, the number of fish increased compare to before the construction. However we could not confirm the effect of fish-gathering due to the presence or absence of unevenness of about 0.5 m.

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 Urauchi River in Iriomote Island, Okinawa is an important mangrove river selected as one of 500 important wetlands in Japan. However, effective conservation of the mangrove forest and its eco-system cannot be promoted because no quantitative evaluation has been conducted of its present state. Therefore, a representative species of mangrove in Urauchi River, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, was investigated to assess its vegetation zone and physical environments around the river.
 Results clarified the present state of the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza vegetation zone as well as the locations and numbers of its lodging and mortality. Furthermore, its deposition trend on glide slopes with high mortality was confirmed using bathymetry with a fish finder. Moreover, temporal and vertical changes of physical environments in the river were clarified, such as the flow rate, water level, water temperature, salinity, turbidity, and DO.

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 Port and harbor development, fishing harbor as well, must take into consideration to avoid, reduce or compensate impact on the coral communities. Coral colony transplantation as mitigation measure has been carried out 30 years or more in Japan. However, there is no guideline indicating a detailed methodology for coral transplantation. Coral transplantation carried out for runway expansion project of Naha Airport in 2014 are reviewed as case in this report. Particularly, we suggested the setting method of the transplant point to evade physical damage to the transplant coral communities by the typhoon, and an effective fixation method of the coral colonies.

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 Using investigations of their distribution, grown status, and grown environments, this study was conducted to elucidate the actual growth of Phyllospadix japonicus Makino (endangered species) at the Shichiriga-hama coast, Kanagawa prefecture, where artificial beach nourishment is conducted. Line surveys and surface surveys revealed that the Phyllospadix japonicus Makino distribution is about 2.5 km in the coastal direction and 20-150 m in the offshore direction. They inhabit T.P. -0.8 - -2.7 m deeper than the subtidal zone. The bottom sediment of their area of distribution is a rock bed covered by 1-3-cm-thick sand gravel. Artificial beach nourishment was introduced 4,500m³ in the past 4 years. Although extension of sand of the artificial beach nourishment up to their growth range is conceivable, results of a grain size composition survey re-vealed that Phyllospadix japonicus Makino distribution area has not decreased.

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 In this study, the ecosystem formation process by recovery of shoreline, in which the aim is to establish the technology that can artificially restore the tidal flat and the shoreline in front of embankment development and to recover and maintain the ecosystem, was investigated in Yatsushiro Bay. In artificial tidal flat, Biodiversity were increased by complex of height and particle sizes of the ground. An impact-response flow of corstal emviroment by restore the tidal flat was proposed.

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 Three types of port structures that promoted symbiotic relationships with organisms were experimentally constructed at Sakai-semboku Port, which is located in the estuary part of Yamato River in 2009. Field measurements of water quality, seaweeds and creatures have been carried out for six years after the construction. Results of water quality measurements showed that hypoxic water reached up to 2 m below the sea surface from August to September. The biological measurement showed recruitment of Caloglossa ogasawaraensis, Corbicula japonica, Anguilla, Plecoglossus altivelis and so on, from the first year, though the water quality condition was highly eutrophic. In addition, they persisted for six years.

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 This paper presents and discusses our recent research advances on the role of geoenvironmental dynamics in species distributions of sandy beaches, involving three typical amphipod and isopod species. In particular, wave-induced changes in the species distributions and the role of geoenvironmental dynamics are demonstrated. These findings will contribute to an effective management and conservation of sandy beach habitats.

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 There eixt huge tidal flats in Roberts Bank, Vancouver, which is one of the world's largest tidal flats for migratory birds. Since Roberts Bank tidal flat is located at the mouth of the large river, Fraser River, it is expected that ecological and hydrological enviromnents are affected by snow melt flood. Although biofilm is revealed to be one of the most significant factor for migratory birds, it has not been found how biofilm is formed and is sustained. This study thus aims to investigate salinity, which is expected to be significant factor for the formation of biofilm. As results, hydraulic pressure is found to be always negative from inland to the ocean, which forms stable advection and diffusion conditions inside of the tidal flat, and it is found that positive salinity gradient is also formed inside of the tidal flat stably from inland to the ocean.

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 This study made clear that the Yatsushiro Sea can be divided into seven sea areas by examining the next factors ; (i) time-series variation of physical and chemical items of sediment and benthos distribution, (ii) relevance of nutrient of sediment and sea surface culture, (iii) relevance of mud content and streamflow of the Kuma River, (iv) relevance of mud content and mean currents of undermost layer, (v) shields number, and (vi) clustering of physical and chemical items of sediment and species of benthos.

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 In Osaka prefecture, artificial fish reefs with a stirring function were located in the sea bottom to promote vertical mixing and attempting to reduce the occurrence of hypoxic water mass. These artificial fish reefs had functions of current control, stirring, and feed culture. It also has been verified that its effect was useful for vertical mixing and reducing the occurrence of hypoxic water mass. However, there were only a few samples that environmental improvement was quantitatively evaluated after setting artificial fishing tanks. In addition, there were a few associated research results with changes of current control and surrounding environment by artificial fishing reefs. In this research, we demonstrated the current control of the artificial fish reefs with diffusion state of turbidity, and verified bottom sediment improving that was resulted from current control effect.

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 Various measures are taken to improve the recent decline of fish catch. For effective improvement, it is necessary to evaluate the fishery ground environment and choose strategies tailored to the characteristic of fishery ground. Wide spatial distribution of seafloor habitat (i. e. seafloor covers such as rock, sand and seaweed) provides important basic information to assess habitats of commercially high-valued fishes. Satellite imagery has been utilized in recent years for mapping of wide-area seafloor habitat. However, it is difficult to remove the water column attenuation effect and set the classification classes in rocky seaweed bed area. The purpose of this study is to provide a new method for evaluation of fishery ground environment by examining the methods of seafloor habitat mapping based on satellite imagery and statistical analysis of fishery ground environment characteristic using the resulting map. These results suggested the availability of the evaluation method of fishery ground environment using the seafloor habitat map with red band and DI (Depth - invariant Index) based on satellite imagery and the statistical analysis for recovery of fishery ground.

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 Tidal fluctuations in salinity, water temperature, turbidity and distributions of three dominant fish species (the freshwater demoiselle Neopomacentrus taeniurus, cardinalfish Fibramia amboinensis, and jungle perch Kuhlia rupestris) detected by visual transect surveys were investigated in the Udara River estuary of Amitori Bay around Iriomote Island, southern Japan in March and June 2013. The estuarine species N. taeniurus frequently occurred at several depth levels in the lower and middle estuaries with high salinity (29-34‰) at high tide, and at deeper water depths (below 50 cm) with high salinity (ca. 29‰) at low tide. The estuarine species Fibramia amboinensis was restricted to the middle estuary with a salinity range of 19-29‰ at both tides. The catadromous Kuhlia rupestris was restricted to the upper estuary with low salinity (ca. 3‰) at both tides. These results suggest that responses to tidal salinity fluctuations were species-specific in the tropical estuary. Some species actively relocated to select the most suitable salinity levels in accordance with the tides, while others remained in a spatially limited area at both tides, tolerating a broad range of salinity or adapting to particularly low salinity.

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 One of the maintenance objectives of artificial tidal flats is the maintenance and management of nursery habitats for Ruditappes philippinarum. The Oshima artificial tidal flats was covered with nets as preventive measures against feeding damage for R. philippinalum. However, the feeding damage by Glossaulux didyma which is a kind of the snails continued. The purpose of this study was to clarify a new method to prevent the feeding damage by G. diyima, with due consideration of the geoenvironmental dynamics. We carried out a small field verification experiment to prevent feeding damage by G. didyma. As a result of the field experiments, there was a double effect in the new method of placing gravel stones than the conventional method of covering with nets to prevent feeding damage by G. diyima. Placing of gravel stones also had additional effects of forming rich environment of the biological diversity. We hope that this new method will be widely used and applied for sites where artificial tidal flats are constructed for nursery habitats for R. philippinarum, as well as for biodiversity.

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 Recently, sludge purification of organic matter enriched river bottom using granulated coal ash (GCA) have been used in Hiroshima Otagawa delta areas. By previous study, the material properties of GCA for biological affinity have been clarified. On the other hands, a characteristic as the inhabiting basis of bivalves is not sufficiently clarified. The purpose of this study is to evaluate GCA covering method utilized to habitat basis of bivalves. Laboratory experiments and field investigation were carried out to compare GCA (covering material) for habitat basis with control materials (e.g. natural sand, natural stone and organic mud) about a sneaking act by bivalves. From our findings, it can be concluded that GCA can be used as a covering material to improve biological environment and utilized to habitat basis of bivalves in organic matter enriched coastal sediments.

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 As a result of highly developed global supply chain, the disaster of one area will have an influence on the world economy. Therefore, to construct the resilient logistic network that can suppress the indirect economic damage of the disaster is strongly required.
 This paper analyzes the influence of US west coast port disruption on international container transport. In this paper, the deterioration of efficiency of container handling at US west coast port was calculated, and the economic damage as to Japan by delaying of container transport and shifting to air transport were estimated.

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 Container terminals in Port of Yokohama are famous for the sophisticated cargo handling efficiency. Port of Yokohama should take responsibility not only to develop its capacity for the large-scale container ships, but also to keep trucking turn time as short as possible.
 In this paper, the trucking turn time is analyzed quantitatively to figure out the causes of traffic congestion. Indeed, 2 possible solutions for the congestion problem are suggested with the results of the quantitative analysis.

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 Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay, and the Seto Inland Sea are considered to be the most crowded transportation areas. These sea area, especially, encompasses many fishing grounds and is also famous for its complex undersea terrain and intersected navigation routes. To safely navigate, marine officers generally pay close attention during the maneuvering process. To maintain a safe operation, advanced maneuvering technology is required, especially when navigating in such enclosed water areas; this can cause anxiety and high stress during ship maneuvering. Especially, younger officers with insufficient experience experience extreme tension and stress.
 For these reasons, this paper discussed studying on remote maneuvering support from a skilled officer on land to assist a maritime officer on board. The building of the remote maneuvering support system was confirmed

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 The increasing number of vessels may result in an increase in the number of marine disasters. Especially, Seto Inland Sea is narrow and complex topography, many kinds of ships are very crowded. Many maritime traffic hazardous cargo ship also passed very much and these are very dangerous. For the reduction of marine disaster, investigation of maritime traffic is demanded and a legal traffic control is required. The object of this paper is the investigation of maritime traffic of hazardous cargo ship in Seto Inland Sea. The investigation of maritime traffic was carried out by analysis of AIS data of many ships installed AIS devices.
 As results of investigation, The present condition of the maritime traffic of hazardous cargo ships in Seto Inland Sea was understood in detail.

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 Introduction of the renewable energy needs to be strongly carried out, in order to avoid too much dependency on nuclear power generation, and to promote for discharge reduction of greenhouse gas. Up to present, among various ocean renewable energy potential, ocean wind-generated electricity is supposed to be the most practical one to be realized in near future. This session introduced various field study and proto-type projects in Japan aiming for offshore wind farm construction, and discussed on future problems to be solved.

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 There is an important concern that storm surges are getting more terrible due to the global warming. To cope with future terrible storm surges, effective countermeasures for disaster prevention/reduction should be implemented. For this reason, the special session "Storm surge disaster prevention" was held in order to extract the urgent issues which should be tackled for the future storm surge disaster prevention/reduction. This session included three presentations and a panel discussion. Several important issues were discussed and extracted through this session.

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