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the Possibility of Confucian Economic Thought
Takahito SAKASAI
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
1-13
Published: 1993
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Banto Yamagata (1748-1821), a privileged Osaka merchant, spent his life during the period in which the Tokugawa regime entered a total structural crisis. As a rare rationalist who acquired universal reasoning from Confucian ideas, he proposed a system of economic thought (“keisei ron”) intended to promote a modern revival of the Confucian ideal politics “Jinsei” to overcome the crisis.
He advanced a plan for an ideal Physiocratic peaceful state based on the principle of self-sufficiency (“jisan-jisoku”), challenging the currently dominant ideology of the mercantilist wealth-state, while excessively idealizing the existing order. He rationally grasped Japan's backwardness as compared to the mercantilist Western countries, and was seriously concerned that the mercantilist view of the national interest, which promoted outward expansion, would accelerate the external and internal crises.
Thus we can see in his thinking, which emerged in the process of Japan's modernization, the possibility of rational Confucian economic thought.
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Michihiro OTONASHI
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
14-26
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The first English collected edition of Bentham's works was edited and published under the ‘superintendence’ of John Bowirng. This is a commonpalce today, but little is known about the processes. Bowring was bequeathed by Bentham the greater part of manuscripts to be published after his death. However, Bowring not only excluded his religious writings from the collected edition, but also left many manuscripts unpublished.
The Works was originally planned in seven volumes. But it was eventually published in eleven volumes in Part, and yet the publication of volumes was not in order. Bowring himself was absorbed in his own business during the period of compiling
The Works. The editorial tasks were substantially carried out by his friends, R. Smith, T. S. Smith, R. Doane and J. H. Burton. As can be seen from the list of editors attached to the present paper, the greatest and final responsibility for editing
The Works was in Burton's hands. Therefore, the first English collected edition of Bentham's works should be called Burton's edition rather than Bowring's.
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for the 150th anniversary of the publication of his Grundriß zur Vorlesungen über die Staatswirtschaft, Nach geschichtlicher Methode, Göttingen, 1843
Shin-ichi TAMURA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
27-33
Published: 1993
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It has been just 150 years since Wilhelm Roscher outlined the historical method of economics in his
Grundriß. With the publication of this manifestoprogramme and his lifework in five volumes,
System der Volkswirtschaft (1854-1894), where he put the historical method in practise, Roscher is considered to be the founder of (Older) Historical School of German Economics. His ultimate goal of the historical method was to discover the development laws of nations as a part of natural laws in analogy to human physical development by comparing all civilized nations in the world history. On the problem of what Roscher would achieve by the historical method, however, it is important to make clear that he did not intend at all to construct the new other theories than classical economics, but only to supplement classical-abstract doctrines by a great many of historial-concrete investigations and development laws, and to educate legislators' or administrators' sense in understanding the complexity of economic phenomena that could avoid them falling “Ricardian Vice” (J. Schumpeter). We must pay attention to the fact that Roscher could completely take over the theories of classical economics built on “self-interest”, because he firmly believed as Lutheran a harmony between “self-interest” and “public-interest”. In this sense, “the spiritual initiator” would be more appropriate term than the “founder of Historical School of German Economics”.
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Atsushige MATSUSHIMA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
34-46
Published: 1993
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The writer examines ideas on the interpersonal comparison of utility (ICU) conceived by economists ranging over the period from the mid-19th c. through 1940. These ideas may be classified into three types: (1) one which shows more or less negative attitude to the possibility of ICU as a basis for economic policy, (2) one which appreciates ICU as the foundation of economic policy, (3) one which, sharing the appreciation with type (2), restricts the mode and scope of its application. And the choice of a particular type out of these alternatives involves what problems to set up as a subject matter and what kind of epistemological criteria to adopt. It may be characterised as a sort of paradigm choice.
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Kuniyasu MORIOKA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
47-57
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We have two interpretations about the concept of the just price of St. Thomas Aquinas: the one is a cost of production theory (objective value), in which production costs represented mainly or only wages just sufficient to allow producers or traders to live in a manner befitting their status in society, the other, utlity theory (subjective value) or a subjective nature of value determined by “usefulness”, in fact a market price.
We adopt an anthropological aproach to the matters of medieval age and anlayse attentively the differences of Thomas' texts and Aristotle's original ones. As a result we have Thomas' model of society.
According to his model, the cost of production theory is more sustainable in terms of products made by man, on the other hand we recognise a moment of subjective nature of value in terms of non-products, which however pertain to only his ontological hierarchy. In addition the nature of subjectivity is not that of utility in the modern sense, but necessity of community, which is typical of a traditional society. We conclude that the just price of Thomas is mainly founded on labour and costs and in the same time can be a market price in his model of society.
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the Role of ‘Free Capital’
Kenji FUJII
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
58-66
Published: 1993
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The importance of Organization in Marshall's economics has gradually come to be recognized. This paper carries further this line of thought as to develop an implication for his theory of distribution.
Factors of production employed within different organizations (firms or industries) can never be expected to earn the equal rates of reward in Marshall's system. Thus, the notion of ‘capital in general’ or that of ‘labor in general’ is without substance except in a special case. No normal rate of profit nor of wage is determined in a market, but is defined only in relation to the representative firm. The role of ‘free capital’ which had best be interpreted as capital outside an organization is to determine the rate of interest as a market price for using capital and to apply it to existing capital within different organizations to estimate the amount of net interest which must be paid out of whatever profits firms realized.
There is no confusion between the rate of interest and the rate of profit as sometimes claimed. The real problem lies in the confusion between the money rate of interest and the real rate of interest arising from the ambiguous character of ‘free capital’.
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Freedom, Planning and Socialism
Naoki NABESHIMA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
67-79
Published: 1993
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This paper examines some problems in Keynes's social philosophy. Especially, we consider what economic system Keynes envisioned by focusing on themes of freedom, planning and socialism.
In
The Economic Consequence of the Peace (1919), Keynes recognized that the foundation of existing social order was fragile. From this perspective, he turned to reject
laissez-faire capitalism. Nevertheless freedom continued to be the essential principle for his thought. In short, he thought that freedom was to be defended, although
laissez-faire could not do this task. Therefore Keynes advocated introducing some elements of planning to defend freedom. Namely
laissez-faire was not a sacred element of liberalism for him.
Keynes was opposed to national socialism. It was not because he did not sympathize with socialistic intentions and purposes, but because he considered that Marxism was an old-fashioned doctrine and it could not overcome the distress of Britain in those days. Keynes called his own political belief ‘liberal socialism’ or ‘new liberalism’. It meant the system which was based on private ownership of the means of production and was characterised by active interventions of the state. The policy for this vision was a ‘socialization of the investment’. Keynes attached importance to the freedom of individuals and the diversity of life above all. Hence he finally prefered to defend the free enterprise system, and tried to reform it.
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Aiko IKEO
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
80-89
Published: 1993
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In the 1930s, many Japanese economists were absorbed by the study of the socalled rice problem, i. e. the instability of the price of rice and its supply. Two organizations were important for the advancement of the study. The Agricultural Economic Society was established for the study on all problems related to rural districts and agriculture in 1924. The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, which was established in 1932, asked leading applied economists to form a committee for the theoretical and practical study on rice policy in 1933. Y. Yagi constructed the price and quantity indices of rice during one year following Parsons's method. E. Sugimoto was requested by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to make a statistical study of the law of demand for rice.
These early econometric works on rice have been forgotten not only by many economists but also by historians of economic thought. In the 1940s, there was a paradigmatic shift in econometrics. Keynesian macroeconomics and W. Leontief's input-output analysis began to gain popularity in place of the Marshallian single market approach. Also, econometricians became more absorbed in the analysis of the industrial rather than the agricultural sector.
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Hisashi SHINOHARA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
90-97
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Takuo DOME
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
98-105
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Shouzou OTSUKA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
106-111
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Shigeki TOMO
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
112-117
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Masahiro KAWAMATA
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
118-123
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
124
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
125
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
126
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
127
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
128
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
129
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
130
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
131
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
132
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
133
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
134
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
135
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
136
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
137-138
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
138-139
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B. Kinzer, A. P. Robson and J. M. Robson, A Moralist in and out of Parliament: John Stuart Mill at Westminster, 1865-1868, U. of Toronto Press, 1992, viii+317p./O. Kurer, John Stuart Mill: The Politics of Progress, Garland, 1991, 224p.
[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
140-141
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R. L. Allen, Opening Doors, 2vols, Transaction Pub., 1991, xxi+314p, xvii+348p./R. Swedberg, Joseph A. Schumpeter, Polity Press, 1991, vii+293p.
[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
141-142
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
143-144
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
145
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
146-147
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
148-149
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
149-150
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
150-151
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
151-152
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
152-153
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
153-154
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
155
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
156
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
157
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
158
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
159-160
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
161
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
163
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1993 Volume 31 Issue 31 Pages
164-165
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