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Distribution System are producing much waste.The waste is non-commodity and is processing ny non profit sysytem. Distribution system consists from commodity and is profit-seeking system.Using mental data on waste we analysis the waste determination and degree of attitudes towaords waste.And distributiob system must contribute to reduse,to reuse and to refuse the waste.

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[in Japanese]

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This paper discusses the characteristics of domestic organic waste recycling collected by local governments. We investigated a present situation of kitchen garbage recycling of households and food industries in Japan and clarified considered characteristics of the amount of wastes collection after kitchen garbage recycling implementation in cases of 7 local governments. Consequently, if kitchen garbage recycling is performed properly in the local government, kitchen garbage was collected more than 250g/people / day, and recycling ratio became about 30% or more of the whole amount of wastes collection, and it became clear that the amount of inflammable wastes is decreasing as a result.

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The relationship between waste arisings and various socio-economic factors has been researched for more than 30 years. This exercise attempts to explain local differences in waste arisings, and is also useful in forecasting the amount of waste, and for assessing the efficacy of waste management policies under different socio-economic conditions. However, in some cases, researchers have presented results that appear to contradict each other. It has been pointed out that there is a lack of consistency in waste statistics and that careless choice of independent variables can adversely influence the results of multiple regression. These factors probably cause the instability in analysis results. In this presentation it will be indicated that results contrary to each other can be generated from the same dataset, due to the variation in statistical methods being employed. This will be demonstrated by examining the effect of average income of the residents on waste arisings. When conducting multiple regression analysis using data aggregated at the district (shi-cho-son) level, the problem of heteroskedasticity is prominent. Weighted Least Squares method is used to combat this problem, but depending on the weight variable, the coefficient for income can turn out to be either positive or negative.

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[in Japanese]

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Most municipal goverments, which have the responsibility of collecting garbage from household, tend to increase the kind of classified collection of garbage. How to raise the efficiency of garbage collection is the controversial subject to influence our daily life. In practice, portable PET bottle for beverage of 500ml, become very popular recently. It is not so easy to dispose PET bottle garbage in trash can after decreasing its volume by crushing. The theme of author's study is how to decrease the volume of PET bottle in disposal and transport. This paper describes the result of three kinds of experiment for finding the specification of new PET bottle for drastic volume reduction in disposal and trsnsport. The first is the effective stuffing of crushed bottles in garbage bag. The second is the measured load to crush PET bottle in axial direction. The last is the measured physical force to compress the PET bottle by both hands.

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The fishery is one of the major industry in Miyazaki and a large amount of fishery waste is generated. The fishery waste contains functional chemicals such as amino acid and dehydroacetic acid and recycling techniques for fishery waste has been studied. In this study in order to establish the fishery waste recycling system, the current state of fishery waste generation was investigated. In Miyazaki, approximately 15 thousands of fishery waste was generated in 2003. Most of the waste (80%) was discharged from retail shops.

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The wet- and dry-base composition, moisture contents, and elemental composition of combutables that are sorted from the municipal waste sampled at incineration plants in Osaka. The main composition are kitchen garbages, papers, plastics in both wet- and dry-base. Only kitchen garbages have over 50% of moisture, and the others have about 30%. Calculation of changes in the composition and heating values are carried out, changing the contents of recyclable papers and plastics form package independently.

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[in Japanese]

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Material Flow Analysis (MFA) has been widely used to identify and trace the flow of materials and substances. Within the frame work of the Waste Input Output (WIO) model (Nakamura and Kondo, JIE, 2002), we have developed a new methodology of MFA, the Waste Input-Output Material Flow Analysis, reported elsewhere (WIO-MFA) (Nakamura and Nakajima, Materials Trans., 2005). In this study, the methodology is applied for the purpose of analyzing the material cycle of iron and steel in Japan. First, we discuss issues of data that we developed for estimating the WIO-MFA table with 395 sectors, and then proceed to the estimation of the metal composition of specific products. Our major concern is the composition of recycled Fe components in the products.

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In this research, it aimed to arrange existing information on the material flow of plastic in China. We also review the current status of waste plastic recycling in China, and identify the main problem over plastic recycling that China has been facing.

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This study examines objectives of capturing physical stocks of our economy, and proposes a preliminary idea of Material Stock Accounts (MSA), which is consistent with Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA). The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The basic objective of MSA is to understand society's metabolism more correctly by checking consistency or identifying discrepancies between flows and stocks. This supports more concrete objectives including: estimation of potential secondary resources and wastes within the economy; and identification and estimation of materials that are actually emitted into the environment or exported to other countries; 2) Categorization of stocked materials is necessary to maintain consistency with the EW-MFA system. In particular, categorizations according to kind of material and conditions of usage are essential.

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The aim of this research was to get some knowledge on the flow of spent automotive lead-acid batteries in Japan. Questionnaire surveys to battery users, interviews to municipal solid waste management departments and an analysis of trade statistics were conducted. The questionnaire surveys revealed that most of dead storage of spent batteries occurred when they were replaced at their home by new batteries which were bought at DIY shop or car shop. The interviews showed that amount of batteries which were illegally dumped and then collected by the municipalities depends on the availability of formal collection of spent batteries and the fee of the collection. The analysis of the trade statistics showed that the export of spent batteries is rapidly increasing from FY 2004 to FY 2005.

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[in Japanese]

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We developed the waste input-output table of Tokyo to analyze waste generated from business activities, household activities, and waste processing activities. At the point of 1995, waste processing activities didn't play an important role in whole system in economic or social system yet. In Tokyo and other regions, waste from builder, such as construction sludge and construction and demolition waste, accounts for large part of the whole waste. Waste issue of paper and kitchen garbage in Tokyo is much larger than other regions. On the contrary, waste issue of cattle excrement and urine, which is the largest amount of waste issue in other regions, is extremely low in Tokyo.

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Sound ferrous material circulation needs copper elimination from iron and steel scraps. As the usage of scrap in steelmaking process increased, the accumulation of Cu, Ni, Cr as tramp elements becomes a big problem because of their harmful effect on the mechanical properties and formability. On the other hand, we don't have an appropriate method to estimate environmental effects which consider sustainable iron and steel material circulation. The waste input-output table is already developed to describe the interdependence between production and waste generation, and consider direct and indirect effects on both environment emissions and economic system. However, in a present classification of production and waste material sectors is too rough to consider circulation about steel products. In this study, We disaggregated iron and steel sectors and modified the data of CO2 emission.

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We analyzed an example of charging fees for garbage collection in nine local governments of Chichibu district of Saitama in this study. Effects by enforcement of charging are different by a local government. There were many local governments where quantity of refuse continued decreasing for three years from the year when they carried out charging, but there was totally no effect in two local governments. In the local governments where quantity of refuse did not decrease, there was characteristic that they had little refuse discharges per one. In addition, quantity of refuse increased later for four years when they carried out charging in all local governments. We thought that the refuse which inhabitants took out increased so that collection of garbage rate was cheap.

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For residents to take part in waste reduction, the local government begins public notice about municipal solid waste, for example, truck hauled waste and cost of waste management. On the other hand, the discussion just started about what kinds of influence public notice has in resident's behavior on waste. This study's target is truck hauled waste within smaller unit than before. The truck hauled waste within smaller unit is for resident to realize how much waste they generate. First, this study investigated accuracy of the estimated quantity of the truck hauled waste by smaller unit. Second, by questionnaire investigation, we discussed on the difference between areas where the amount of generated waste was large and small. Third, we proposed method of public notice for waste reduction program.

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Zero Waste Declanation has been issued by Kamikatsu Town, Tokushima. The authors had surveyed this historical review and habitants' acceptances on this policy, through the field and litteratural survey, and analysed this policy on the view point of the Countermeasures,on the Grobal Warm Prevention.

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As a subject of our study, we chose Awaji Island, which is surrounded by the sea and has serious problem of coastal debris. In this island, municipal government appealed local citizens to organize a voluntary group and began to grapple with the problem with participation and corporation of them. With cooperation of the group, we made this long-term investigation in three beaches and evaluated it. This study will connect with understanding actual situation, informing it to local citizens and cause their concern about debris problem and action. We obtained the result; 1st result is that, the amount and item change according to the weather and ocean conditions. The 2nd is, they also change according to geographical conditions. The 3rd is that social and economic activities of the background area influence on debris.After this study, we voluntarily continue the investigation and accumulate the data. At the same time, we have to spread and enlighten the idea that we have to make efforts not to dump debris. We hope that these actions get local citizens to change their consciousness and to expand activities.

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Environmental ecucation has a rich history, but needs to be interpreted as education for sustainable development now. This new concept tells us two meanings. First is the importance of interests of student. Second is the needs of wide view which make be able to consider the relations to other problems. This study is trying to applicate a cardbord box composter to the envionment education with participations of children and deal with the education of food too.

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[in Japanese]

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