An “interlanguage” is a language that an L2 learner produces while trying to reconcile rules of writing and speaking in L1 and L2. In English writing classes for L1 Japanese students, it is important to provide students with guidelines for an appropriate interlanguage. This paper discusses the appropriateness of an interlanguage based on current models of <Easy Japanese> and of use as an aid for beginning-level Japanese learners writing essays in L2 English. The author has developed a trial list of English grammatical elements based on <Easy Japanese>, and presents the example of an English essay produced using the list.

In this study I focus on companies that recorded goodwill. And, I conduct a comparative analysis of the impact of goodwill on future performance change and the impact of other major investments such as capital investment, R & D investment, and advertising investment on future performance change. In addition, I examine the impact of financial characteristics on the relationship between goodwill / other major investments and future performance change. I find that increased goodwill and capital investment have a negative impact on future performance change. I also find that financial characteristics have impacts on the investment efficiency of M & A investment, capital investment, R & D investment, and advertising investment, but the impacts differ for each investment. For example, companies with relatively large cash holdings make relatively efficient investments in M & A investment. Companies with extremely large cash holdings tend to make relatively efficient investments in R & D investment, but overinvest in capital investment.

A new species of Genus Diaphanosoma, Diaphanosoma tokaiensis Ojika, Makita and Tanaka n. sp. was found in three paddy fields in Aichi Prefecture (Anjo City, Toyoake City, and Oguchi-cho, Niwa-gun), Japan, in the summer of 2020. A male of this species has characteristic trumpet-shaped copulatory appendages.

This paper describes the effects of light pollution in the current Yokkaichi area using the Sky Quality Meter with Lens (SQM-L). In addition to following the usual procedures for measurement, the author attached a black covering to the SQM-L to reduce the possibility of light effects in the vicinity, as pointed out by some researchers. This study showed that the impact of light pollution did not reach the level of large cities, although light pollution was present at many points. It is a positive element that some areas will become a better environment by taking appropriate counter-steps. The measurements using a black covering were effective in deriving reliable data. However, the black covering may block light wavelengths to an extreme degree, which may cause the measured value to be darker than the actual value. For further studies, verification from various aspects is necessary, including the material of the covering.

Numerical solution of convection diffusion partial differential equations usually applies the third order upwind difference method, and it is common to find a solution by this finite difference approximation . As for the analytic solutions of partial differential equations, many books are published recently . However, there are not so many documents for the numerical solutions and methods. Here, we show some exercises and show the program of the C language. Based on these results, we want to discuss them about some problems and the future prospects.

According to the introduction of the Total Pollutant Load Control System for Ise Bay, a part of the water quality has gradually improved, although the demarsal fish production including shellfishes at the bay has been declining until recently. The richness of the bay existed before 1960s has been lost as well as the other water basin in Japan. The Japanese government initiated the work for restoring clean and rich ocean as a countermeasure for this situation. A research project by Mie Prefecture in Japan was then carried out in this movement and the richness of the marine organisms of every trophic level in the ecological pyramid was studied, mostly through literature surveys. This article reports a part of the survey results and describes the variation of macrobenthos community in the bay over the years. The study elucidated the large population increase in the phylum annelida and the substantial population decrease in the phylum crustaceans that had happened from 1940s to the late 1960s. This incident caused the reduction of the mean individual wet weight and then brought a miniaturization into the macrobenthos community at the bay, similar to the miniaturization phenomena seen in the phytoplankton and the zooplankton community in Ise Bay as described by the author [14][15]. The study also revealed the occurrence of the catastrophic event that reduced the macrobenthos population to near extinction at the summer of 2016 and the recovery process from that. The relation between these drastic changes in the macrobenthos community and the emergence of the hypoxic water mass was described in detail. The geograpfhical difference of the biological diversity of macrobenthos community in the bay was also studied and a method to evaluate richness of macrobenthos community by the number of species and the biological diversity was examined.

According to the introduction of the Total Pollutant Load Cotrol System for Ise Bay, a part of the water quality has gradually improved, although the demarshal fish production including shellfishes at the bay has been declining until recently. The richness of the bay existed before 1960s has been lost as well as the other water basin in Japan. The Japanese government initiated the work for restoring clean and rich ocean as a countermeasure for this situation. A research project by Mie Prefecture in Japan was then carried out in this movement and the richness of the marine organisms of every trophic level in the ecological pyramid was studied, mostly through literature surveys. This article reports a part of the survey results and describes the variation of zooplankton community in the bay over the years. As the miniatualization of the phytoplankton in the bay was reported in the author’s previous work[16], this new study also indicated the increase of the smaller species of copepoda, a member of zooplankton. The miniatualization of the phytoplankton as well as the zooplankton could cause the basic change of the food-web structure and could affect the production of the higher trophic level creatures such as the commercially important fishes. The further study is planed in the research project to draw a firm conclusion.