Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan

A new classification of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae was proposed following the systematic and phylogenetic methods of Sung and Spatafora (2006). Family Clavicipitaceae was separated into three families Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae based on the sequences of seven genes (nrSSU, nrLSU, B-tubulin, EF-1a, RPB1 and RPB2, and mtATP6). Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Erikss. emend. prov. Sung and Spatafora includes grass or insect-associated genera (e.g. Balansia, Claviceps, Epichloe, Myriogenospora and Metacordyceps Sung and Spatafora gen. prov). Claviceps has been collected from Korea. Cordycipitaceae Wehmeyer emend. Prov. Sung and Spatafora includes insect-associated genera (e.g. Cordyceps). Eleven species including C. militaris are collected from Korea. Ophiocordycipitaceae Sung and Spatafora fam. prov. includes as pathogens of insect or subterranean or wood-inhabiting hosts, deeply buried in soil or imbedded in decaying wood(e.g. Elaphocordyceps, Ophiocordyceps Sung and Spatafora gen. prov. and Torrubiella). Three species of E. ophioglossoides, 17 species of O. longissima Sung and Spatafora gen. prov. and T. neofusiformis has been collected from Korea.

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Bamboos are common and useful plants in Japan but little information is available about their endophytes, which are valuable resources for the production of functional metabolites. In this research, we mainly focused on the screening, isolation and classification of endophytes from bamboos. The results showed that 257 fungal strains were isolated from two types of plants, Phyllostachy spp. (Take) and Sasa spp. (bamboo grasses) on 3 sampling sites in Osaka, and 70 representative strains were characterized by 18S rDNA and ITS regions sequence analysis. Phylogenetic tree showed those fungal isolates were distributed within ascomycota; mainly in two subclasses,Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Xylariales acted as the dominant groups within bamboos. The results of the 18S rDNA and ITS regions phylogeny concluded that bamboo isolates were highly diverse and abundant. Several rDNA of determined sequences were not similar to any current sequence in the database. These were suggested to be a possibility of novel species or genera that might be sources of novel biological compounds. In this study, some genera i.e. Peziza, Diaporthe, Sordaria, Alternaria, Microdochium, Pestalotiopsis, Arthrinium, Biscogniauxia and Cladosporium were isolated from Japanese bamboos. These findings revealed that bamboos are huge reservoir of microorganisms that could be extensively investigated. Besides, the morphological characteristics of the taxa were very diverse and ranged from 4 to 17 morphotypes for each plant individual. Some taxa broadly colonized most of the plant individuals and can be recognized in different areas. However, some morphotypes colonized preferably within the same sampling sites and host plants. These findings might suggest that the diversity of endophytic fungi has been influenced by habitats, regions and ranges of their hosts.

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The identification of fungal species belonging to Hebeloma subgenus Porphyrospora is controversial due to only subtle morphological differences between taxa. Occurrences of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi belonging to Hebeloma subgenus Porphyrospora have been recorded from Japan, China, New Zealand, and Australia. To elucidate phylogenetic relationships among Hebeloma spp. belonging to Porphyrospora, i.e., Hebeloma sp. from New Zealand, Hebeloma aminophilum from Australia, and Hebeloma vinosophyllum from Japan, we evaluated sequences of both nuclear ribosomal ITS and beta-tubulin genes (long and short sequences). The aligned sequences were analyzed by neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. The phylogenetic trees resolved from three kinds of sequences indicate that specimens examined can be segregated into two groups, one comprising Hebeloma sp. from New Zealand and H. aminophilum, and another containing H. vinosophyllum. To clarify the taxonomic rank of the two groups, di-mon mating tests were undertaken between monokaryotic tester strains of H. vinosophyllum and dikaryotic strains of Hebeloma sp. from New Zealand and of H. aminophilum.

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Basing on morphological characters of fruit bodies there are controversial arguments on the treatments of taxonomy of a rare Black Lingzhi fungus, either Ganoderma subresinosum (Murr.) Humphrey, Magoderna subresinosum (Murr.) Steyaert, Trachyderma subresinosum (Murr.) Imazeki, or Amauroderma subresinosum (Murr.) Corner, based on Fomes subresinosum Murril. We determined that the latter point of view is sufficiently reasonable with authentic specimens just collected in National Park of Cat tien, South Vietnam. At present study, characteristics in basidiospore structures are shown intermediate between amaurodermoid and ganodermoid forms. This species was shown as an intermediate form between genera Ganoderma and Amauroderma, found in South China, India, Sri Lanka, South East Asian countries, and Africa.For the first time our investigations on phytochemical compositions of the fruit bodies of A. subresinosumum has led to the isolation and structural elucidation of five novel fatty acids (Fig.1), Pentadecanoic acid (C₁₅H₃₀O₂) (4%), 14-Methyl pentadecanoic acid (C₁₆H₃₂O₂) (24%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (C₁₈H₃₂O₂) (19%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (C₁₈H₃₄O₂) (42%) and Octadecanoic acid (C₁₈H₃₆O₂) (10%), unknown from any Ganoderma species up to date, together with a mixture of steroids and sugars, and deficiency of triterpenoids. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D NMR and GC-MS. These results support a new and further taxonomy of the Ganodermataceae family, in which A. subresinosum is designated in the distinct genus Amauroderma, isolated from Ganoderma, due to mainly lacking derivatives of triterpenoids, that are commonly elaborated from Ganoderma species, particularly in G. lucidum.

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