In this study, we compared the humor styles of Japanese and Chinese people using the scale developed by Martin et al. (2003), and examined the relationships between humor styles and face needs, approval needs, cultural construal of self, and self-esteem. The results suggest that: (1) Japanese people tended to use “affiliative humor” most frequently, while Chinese people tended to use “self-enhancing humor” most frequently. (2) Japanese people used “affiliative humor” more than Chinese people did, and Chinese people used “self-enhancing humor” more than Japanese people did. (3) In Japan, a positive correlation was found between “affiliative humor” and “desire to win praise,” and a negative correlation was found between “aggressive humor” and “desire to avoid rejection.” While in China, there was a positive correlation between“self-enhancing humor” and “desire to win praise,” and a positive correlation between “self-defeating humor” and “desire to avoid rejection.” (4) In both Japan and China, there was a negative correlation between “aggressive humor” and “fear of losing face.” (5) In both Japan and China, a negative correlation was found between “aggressive humor” and “independent construal of self.” In the discussion, we mainly focused on the differences between Japan and China.

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Liberal institutionalism has succeeded in claiming the possibility of international cooperation by focusing on institutions. However, they tend to emphasise the positive effects of institutions on international cooperation. Do institutions always work in favour of international cooperation? Drawing on the theoretical insights of After Hegemony, Robert O. Keohane's seminal work on liberal institutionalism, this paper examines institutional effects in the EU. After theoretical reflections on institutional effects in liberal institutionalism, this examination is carried out with three case studies on different aspects of EU politics—refugee crisis management, gender equality policy and the EU enlargement process. Despite the differences between these sample cases, the results confirm certain roles played by institutions, but the effects do not necessarily support international cooperation.

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