Japanese land has been attacked frequently by natural disasters caused mainly by earthquakes, volcanic activities, typhoon and heavy rain. Landslides due to the heavy rain occur very often, bringing about sometimes rather serious damage.
Landslides in mountainous districts can be studied by using the aerial photograph. But this method has an economic disadvantage for studying landslides over a wide area. Therefore the authors have used Landsat MSS data because of their wide coverage and the acquistion of repeated data.
This research is aimed at pursuing the possibility of identifing landslide by Landsat MSS data. The Hayakawa watershed on the branch of Fuji River in Yamanashi prefecture was chosen as the test area. The MSS data of Oct. 1981 and Oct. 1982 are used in this study. After the comparison between these two MSS data, changes of the CCT counts were observed in 951 pixels, which indicate the change of vegetation coverage into a naked area after landslides. But when checked with other data from investigations by air survey, it was recognized that those pixels show not only the landslides but also the transmutations in the surface conditions.
By projecting those 951 pixels on the stereoscopy image of Landsat MSS data, the authors interpreted that 211 pixels were caused by landslides, 202 pixels show the changes of the riverbed conditions, 144 pixels identified as the chenged conditions of the stream, 44 pixels as those of the rocks on the mountaintop and 13 pixels are determained some chenges of vegetation on a gentle slop. But 367 pixels can not be classified.
For statistical method, the authors employed the analysis by the models of quantification type 2, in which not only the CCT counts of band 7 and band 5 of MSS data but also the ground level, directions and grades of the slopes and the elements of geology are incorporated as factor items. By this analysis, the following useful results were obtained : cross relations in frequency between the categories of each factor items ; the weight of each categories ; and the range of each factor items. From the combined results of the stereoscopy image identification and statistical analysis, the identifications of the landslide pixels and non -landslide pixes were performed . The 284 pixels in 367 pixels which had not been classified by the stereoscopic image method were identified as the non - landslide pixels by statistical analysis.

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The remote sensing applications of laser systems for monitoring environmental parameters are reviewed in this paper. The principles and the basic performance of the laser sensor schemes are classified and compared. The present state of the art of the laser remote sensing techniques and applications are discussed for principal systems i.e., the Mie scattering laser radars, the Rayleigh and resonant scattering laser radars, the differential absorption laser radars (DIAL), the long path absorption sensors, the laser fluorescence sensors and the coherent laser radars. These techniques cover the multi-dimentional measurements of meteorological and pollution parameters of lower and upper atmosphere as well as hydrographic and agricultural environments. Future possibilities and requirements of research and development of the laser remote sensing techniques are discussed.

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This paper addresses the following three concerns to make clear the knowledge for producing Landsat Maps based on Landsat TM data in an experimental area (Tokyo district):
(1) Projection of TM Image to the UTM system.
(2) Color composite from 7 band images.
(3) Land classification map from 6 band data.
On the projection of TM image data to the UTM coordinate system, an evaluation of the mapping accuracy was carried out at 8 ground control points in the test area. Orientation accuracy of TM image became clear to within one pixel i.e., approximately 30 meters.
On the color composite, single band images were evaluated individually in the first step. Next, an evaluation of five kinds of color composites from three of the sevenn band images was made in which discrimination of ground objectives was discussed.
(1) true color composite.
(2) infra-red color composite.
(3) middle infra-red color composite..Band3 (B), Ban5 (G), Band7 (R)
(4) thematic color composite..Complement of Band4 (B), Band5 (G), Band7 (R)
(5) thermal color cmposite..Band6(continuous color transformation of the digital number)
Among these composites, the networks of roads and/or railways seemed to be expressed best in the 3rd one (i.e., middle infra-red color composite).
In the land classification from 6 band digital numbers, 6 groups were defined in the first level classification, and 28 groups were defined in the second level. Based on the multi-spectral signature of 6 band digital numbers (except for TM 6 band), the above groups were analyzed using multi-variate categorical processor programmed for principal compornent analysis. This processor is part of the Bendix made M-DAS system.
The performance categorized as each land group in the training area was more than 90%among the first level classification groups, an more than 80% among the second level groups.
Investigating the number of pixels of each land group contained in each of the 23 wards of Tokyo metropolitan area seems to be a natural approach. This sort of data may be useful for the monitoring of the physical environment in local government areas like the Tokyo metropolitan wards.
Finally, the authors include two kinds of Landsat map--one a middle infra-red color composite and the other a color-coded land classifiction map, both at a scale of. 1:100, 000.

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High speed processing and easy operation system (soft ware, called as "PC-SAT" ) for analyzing -Landsat MSS data using personal computer was deviced.
It takes less than two minutes to analyze the data and display the classification map (512 pixels x 400 lines) by a multi level slice(table look up) method, because the programs for data load, calculation and image display are all written by a machine language.The operation of the system, moreover, is performed interactively using BASIC. Therefore, it is very easy for unexperience users to operate it and analyze the data.
The system will contribute to the expansion of end-user of Landsat MSS data exceedingly.

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It is well known that Landsat MSS CCT data are very useful for reserch of enviromental problems. However, remote sensing system requires large computer and expensive peripheral equipments for processing large amounts of data, so it is impossible to get the system in each individual laboratory of university.
Therefore, it is necessary for us to develope low cost remote sensing system, in order to study of waters effluented from Ishikari river by Landsat MSS CCT data analysis. The developement of a new system is a difficult work but we must do it.
This report describes the low cost remote sensing system, displayed images of Landsat MSS and hydraulics model test.
This system is connected with telephone line between Melcom Cosmo 700-III and personal computer, in which a mini-floppy disk is used as a data storage divice. Melcom Cosmo 700-III (Host computer) belongs to computer center, Faculty of Engineering, Toyo University.
Personal computer (Sharp X1/RAM memory 64K bytes) is used as intelligent terminal. Minifloppy disk (two drives), RGB monitor ( 200 rows of 640 columns in 8 colors) and dot printer are used as peripheral equipments.
Total cost of this system is \450, 000
The speed of the data transfer through the telephone line is 300 bps and the mini-floppy disk has a storage capacity of 256 pixel times 200 line times 4 bands data by 8bits.
Then we have done the simple model test, which main purpose is to study the flow pattern from river and temperature distribution. The experimental results have given us some suggestions for Landsat MSS CCT data analysis.
The image of iso-concentration contours has a good agreement with the experimental results.
The obtained images are very useful to study on dispersion of waters effluented from river.

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Remote Sensing Laboratory was established in December, 1983, in National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences for the first time in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan.
Main objectives of our laboratory are, 1) establishment of bio-sensor technology for the crop diagnosis which can be detected crop conditions such as fertilizer levels and water stress, and 2) collection of agricultural information including cropp inventory, yield, soil and other agronomical environmental factors on large area by remote sensing.
Several types of sensors covering almost whole electro-magnetic spectra have made on an experimental basis and examined to extract agricultural information such as biomass, yield, plant nutritions and stereo structure of plant community.
Sensor platforms including robot crane, motortruck with arm, miniature kite-plane and captive balloon have also developed to collect any types of agricultural information at any places.
One of our recent target is to create a portable crop diagnosis meter combining several wavelengths effective for bioinformation, and to apply practically on a farm field for management of crop cultivation.

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