The present monograph is an attempt to ascertain what, and to what extent the recent communicative-, cognitive-and learner-centered trends have been put into practice by examining pronunciation work treated in the eight currently circulated pronunciation textbooks for college students. The result revealed that there was a great gap between ideal and practice, the same trend as was obtained from our two previous researches on junior and senior high school texts (Tanabe, Koyama & Nakano, 1998a, b). This is followed by our suggestions as to how to improve pronunciation work in order to model effective communicative and empowerment education.

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The settlements of dam construction workers have been all temporary ones in Japan, and the workers gathered without families and lived together. in humble cottages. After completion of the construction, the cottages were all removed leaving fewhouses for people of electricity companies. In New Zealand cases, the most different points were (1) married workers came with their families, and the constructor supplied them individual houses for them in the work camps and also small cottages for single workers; (2) the work camps were planned as temporary comunities during the construction which had halls, libraries, churches, cinemas, clinics, post offices and so on. But after the completion of the construction, the fate of the camps at Lake Waitaki, Roxburgh, Karapiro, etc. was same to Japanese ones. After the Second World War, the New Zealand government intended to build dam work camps to be permanent settlements. Such plans were tried at Mangakino on Waikato River, Turangi on the shore of Lake Taupo and Twizel on the upstream of Waitaki River in Mackenzie Country. Each settlements were planned to have shopping centres, and other facilities shown above. Though there were almost nothing in these places before the construction of the settlements, they became big towns. After completion of the construction of dams/power stations, many houses were removed to next camps. Though the settlements once decreasing their population very much, they survived as centres for tourism and recreation. Old individual houses for workers are still used by residents side by side new ones. The writer observed the processes of dam camps, considered the difference of the nature of them, and why and how the planned permanent settlements were able to survive.

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