Reference intervals (RIs) have been defined as range of mean ± 1.96SD of measured values from reference (healthy) individuals. In the previous study, the RIs of latent pathologic factor scores representing the clinical status of healthy Japanese by factor analysis were established. A five-factor solution (liver function, inflammation, lipid metabolism, bone metabolism, and renal function) was extracted. Three-level nested analysis of variance was applied to quantitation of the factor scores due to “region”, “sex”, and “age”. The magnitude of variation due to the elements was expressed as SD, and the ratio of the SD and between-individual SD was calculated as SDR. SDR exceeding 0.3 was considered significant. SDRs for “region” were not significant. On the other hands, SDRs for “sex” were significant for the clinical factors except inflammation. Drink habit had a positive effect which prevents lipid metabolism disorders. The RI of latent pathologic factor scores includes comprehensive clinical information on related test results and is useful as an index for lifestyle habit improvement.

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In Japan, spiritual care practices and discussions are carried out primarily in the field of end-of-life care, and wherein spiritual care has normally been separated from religious care. Then is religious care by religious people for non-religious people unnecessary? In this article, we focused on what kind of care is provided by hospitals with religious origins to non-religious patients when they died.

We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 religious people who work for Tenri Hospital, Christian-based hospitals A and B, and Asoka Vihara Hospital. As cares for non-religious patients who died in Tenri Hospital and Asoka Vihara Hospital, religious people conducted farewell ceremony. At Christian-based hospitals A and B, chaplains conducted funerals if there were requests from the patients. As grief care for bereaved families, Christian-based hospital A held a support group for the bereaved families once a month and Cristian-based hospital B provided counseling for bereaved families. Some bereaved families visited Asoka Vihara Hospital to worship the deceased.

From these practices, we can say that many Japanese who identify themselves as being “non-religious” nonetheless want to connect with the world after death or the soul of the dead, not via “religion” but rather “religious people.” “Care for the dead” and “care for bereaved to ‘care for the dead’” are the roles which were once performed in the local community. From this research, these are now the new roles required of religious people in hospitals.

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For acquiring instructive suggestions in accordance with student’s characteristics, we conducted a questionnaire survey for 72 students (the second/third year students) at University of nursing in the present study and made a qualitative/quantitative analysis for “Students' interpersonal relationships measured by scale composition”, “Perception of striking a conversation ”, and “Change in physical and mental state during a training program”.
According to the scale composition, the tendency of students' interpersonal relationships showed a significantly higher result of defective affinity and anxiety over abandonment (p＜0.05). and it is also related to the perception of striking a conversation by instructors (p＜0.05), their physical and mental state also showed a weak correlation with fatigue, tiredness, and sleep disorders during a training program compared to ordinary times (r=0.392, p＜0.05 ).
The percentage of the perception of striking a conversation was “Sensitive to facial expression/behavior by instructors (90.3%)” as the highest, then we classified the free descriptions into categories such as relaxation of anxiety/tension by comfortable verbal communication and a repulsive attitude toward a distressing striking a conversation.
The formation of a relationship between instructors and students was more sensitive to facial expression and attitude change by instructors compared to a tendency of student’s ordinary interpersonal relationship, and it was related to change in physical and mental state.
Practical training is a stressful environment as well as a place to grow for students. Striking a conversation by instructors can influence an ease of mind, improvement of motivation, and physical and mental state for students, it was suggested that instructors need to strike a conversation with the consideration of a tendency of interpersonal relationship when dealing with students

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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