Tropics
Online ISSN : 1882-5729
Print ISSN : 0917-415X
ISSN-L : 0917-415X
Volume 10, Issue 3
Diversity of Indonesian Insects: Perspectives from Populatlon Dynanics and Evolutionary Biology
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
Preface
Original papers
  • Haruo KATAKURA, Susumu NAKANO, Sih KAHONO, Idrus ABBAS, Koji NAKAMURA
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 325-352
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Twenty-six species of epilachnine ladybird beetles confirmed in Sumatra and Java during 1981-1998 were enumerated and figured. They included eleven species of “Henosepilachna”, thirteen species of “Epilachna”, one species of Afidenta, and one species whose taxonomic status was not settled. Records of food plants were given for each species, and brief notes were added concerning some aspects of their natural history.
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  • Susumu NAKANO, Haruo KATAKURA, Idrus ABBAS, Sih KAHONO, Koji NAKAMURA
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 353-362
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The oviposition patterns of seven &ldqup;Epilachna”, one Afidenta and three “Henosepilachna” species from Indonesia and Japan were examined and compared with those of 10 Asian species of epilachnines previously documented. The 21 species were divided into two groups based on the patterns. The first group consisted of twelve “Henosepilachna” species and Afidenta misera, and the other one consisted of eight “Epilachna” species. The former group laid several to dozens of eggs in an erect position and in mass on the underside of host leaves. On the other hand, the oviposition pattern of the latter group was diverse. They laid eggs singly, or up to ten plus eggs together, on the leaf surface or in tendrils of host plants. Eggs were usually not erect, but flat on host leaves, or were attached to or inserted into tendrils. The possible relevance between the oviposition patterns and the abundance of epilachnine species in the field was briefly discussed.
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  • Sih KAHONO, Motoko TOKUNAGA, Masahito T. KIMURA, Koji NAKAMURA, Haruo ...
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 363-368
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Diapause and tolerance to extreme temperatures were compared among tropical, subtropical and temperate populations of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata to understand how they adapt to environmental conditions. The tropical population had no diapause, while the temperate population entered reproductive diapause at a short daylength. Females of the tropical population matured fastest while those of the temperate population matured slowest. The tropical population was the least tolerant to both heat and cold, while the temperate population was the most tolerant to these stresses.
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  • Susumu NAKANO, Koji NAKAMURA, Idrus ABBAS
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 369-377
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A non-pest Sumatran phytophagous lady beetle, Epilachna pytho was reared under laboratory conditions to study survivorship and fertility schedules. The species is found above 600 m from sea level, mainly depending on wild cucurbits such as Trichosanthes tricuspidata, T. ovigera, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Mukia javanica and rarely occurring in cultivated fields of Sechium edule. The development of the immature stages of E. pytho required 33.6 days. The mean longevity of males ( 94.4 days) was shorter than that of females (106.3 days). The mean length of the pre-reproductive period (25.4 days) was longer than that of the post-reproductive period (3.6 days). Females laid eggs continuously throughout their reproductive period (77.3 days). The average number of eggs produced per female was 609.9. The intrinsic rate of natural increase r was 0.067 per capita per day. These life history traits of E. pytho was similar to E. enneasticta, a non-pest species feeding on Solanaceae and living in high lands. E. pytho exhibited 1) longer immature stages, 2) longer mean length of the pre-reproductive period, 3) lesser fertility and 4) smaller and larger T values than four pest epilachnine species, living at a wide elevational range.
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  • Fuminori ITO, Seiki YAMANE, Katsuyuki EGUCHI, Woro A. NOERDJITO, Sih K ...
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 379-404
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Ant fauna was investigated in the Bogor Botanic Garden (Kebun Raya Bogor), West Java, Indonesia, by the following sampling methods: (1) collection of ants on tree trunks, (2) collection of litter ants using a handy sifter, (3) pitfall traps, (4) sugar baits, (5) collection of ants on bamboo shoots, (6) searching for colonies, (7) collection of foraging workers. In all, 216 species representing all the subfamilies known from the Oriental region were collected in 1985 and between 1990 and 1998. After intensive collections in 1995 and 1997, the cumulative number of ant species was still increasing slowly in 1998. The ant fauna was compared with the results from other sites in Southeast Asia, and those of preliminary surveys made by us in four national parks in West Java, i.e., Ujung Kulon and Pangandaran (lowland forests), and Gunung Halimun and Gunung Gede (mountain forests). Species composition in the Bogor Botanic Garden was similar to that of lowland rainforests in West Java, but remarkably different from mountain forests.
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  • Fuminori ITO
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 405-407
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A colony of the rare myrmicine ant, Calyptomyrmex sp., was collected in the Bogor Botanic Garden, West Java, Indonesia. Laboratory observation suggested that the species is a highly specialized predator of arthropod eggs. Workers fed on arthropod eggs and often showed larval hemolymph feeding. The queen never fed directly on prey eggs but took nutrients mainly through oral trophallaxis from workers.
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  • Kazuki TSUJI, Kyohsuke OHKAWARA, Fuminori ITO
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 409-420
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We studied the nest distribution pattern, the inter-nest relationship, and egg-laying ability of workers in the Indonesian myrmicine ant Myrmecina sp. A. This rare species has recently attracted biologists” attention by their peculiar symbiosis with a mite. The ant was locally quite dominant and occupied about 80% of the ant nests within a 10 × 10m-study plot on the floor of the secondary forest in the Botanical Garden of Bogor. We conclude that the local population of M. sp. A consisted of an unicolonial colony, because of the following three reasons: (1) they were usually tolerant to conspecific non-nestmates while showing strong aggression to the different species Tetramorium sp., (2) nests were contiguously rather than uniformly distributed, and (3) a mark-recapture experiment revealed that conspecific non-nestmates were easily incorporated into alien nests. This study reports the first discovery of unicoloniality in an ant species whose female reproductives are obligatory wingless ergatoid queens. Also unicoloniality in a forest dwelling ant in the tropics is unique. Workers can lay male destined eggs but they seem to lay only trophic eggs in the presence of the queen. We presented a hypothesis on the evolution of unicoloniality in this and other ant species with regard to the possible effects of genetic, ecological and historical factors. A population bottleneck following the introduction to a new habitat, policing and domination in the local habitat seem responsible for the evolution and maintenance of the unicoloniality.
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  • Koji NAKAMURA, Sih KAHONO, Nusyirwan HASAN, Idrus ABBAS, Susumu NAKANO ...
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 427-448
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Since 1990 we have studied population dynamics of the phytophagous lady beetles, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, E. enneasticta and Epilachna sp. 3 (aff. emarginata), (Coleoptera: Epilachninae) in Padang, Sukarami (West Sumatra), Bogor (West Java) and Purwodadi (East Java), Indonesia. These sites have distinctly different climate conditions, e.g. Padang has a typical tropical rainforest climate without a clear alternation of wet and dry seasons, while Purwodadi has a strong dry season of 6-7 months. We have conducted censuses at 3-7 day intervals, including mark-recapture of beetles and construction of life tables for up to 9 consecutive years in order to clarify the seasonal change in abundance and mortality of the populations. In most populations the adult number changed greatly with the formation of high peaks from time to time at intervals of 6-12 months. Their increase or decrease was gradual, progressing over 3-5 months. Even under conditions with sufficient amount of rainfall in Padang, Sukarami and Bogor, oviposition intensity, number of the following immature stages and, as a result, adult emergence frequently showed discrete peaks at a fixed interval. These “generation cycles” were especially clear during the phase of population increase. There was no simple relationship between the seasonal change in rainfall and that of the beetle populations. We also discussed the impacts of the strong droughts in 1994 and 1997-1998 caused by El Niño, and the degree of synchronization in the trends of the populations among the adjacent study sites.
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  • Takayoshi NISHIDA, Koji NAKAMURA, Woro A. NOERDJITO
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 449-461
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We studied dynamics of the isolated population of Melamphaus faber, a seed feeding pyrrhocorid bug and Raxa nishidai, its specialist predator, in the Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java, Indonesia over 9 years intermittently from 1990 to 1998. Throughout the entire census periods, reproduction was always observed. The density of M. faber was fairly stable among years, which was closely synchronized with the annual changes in the food availability but not with those in the predation level. These results suggest that availability of the food resource exclusively determines the population dynamics of M. faber. Although the number of fruits largely fluctuated year to year, the number of the fruits accumulated on the ground, the actual food resource level, was fairly constant, which may contribute to the stable population dynamics of M. faber. The density of R. nishidai was extremely low but persistent over the years in spite of the fact that the population was completely isolated from adjacent populations.
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  • Teiji SOTA, Susumu NAKANO, Nusyirwan HASAN, Ahsol HASYIM, SYAFRIL, Ko ...
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 463-472
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Pitfall sampling of terrestrial arthropods was carried out at an arable field in West Sumatran highland (all. 900-1000 m a.s.l.) during August 1994 - September 1995 and March 1996 August 1997 to study the seasonal population dynamics and community structure of terrestrial arthropods. Ants were the most abundant arthropods, followed by spiders, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, and Isopoda. Less abundant were Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Blattodea, Heteroptera, and larval Lepidoptera. Other than arthropods, earthworms (Annelida) were captured frequently. All taxa showed more or less continuous activity throughout the year. Although no taxon showed strictly seasonal appearance, the captures for some taxonomic groups differed significantly among months and tended to be high in April-May and September-October. Rainfalls reduced the captures of most taxa, with time lags of a few weeks.
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  • Naoto KAMATA, DAHELMI, ERNIWATI, Koji NAKAMURA, Paul W. SCHAEFER
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 473-480
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recent studies revealed that the sex pheromone of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, (+)-disparlure (+D) [(7R, 8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane], is used as a pheromonal communication tool not only by L. dispar but also several temperate species of the genus Lymantria. We anticipated that some of the tropical Lymantria spp. possibly use +D as a communication tool, therefore, we set gypsy moth pheromone traps (GMPT) from August 1997 to August 1998 in the two locations in Indonesia; the university forest of Andalas University (UNAND), Padang, West Sumatra, and in the Bogor Botanical Garden (BBG), Bogor, West Java. No moths were caught in BBG, however 115 males of three Lymantria spp. were caught in UNANO. They include L. singapura (93 individuals, 80.9%) was the most abundant species, and L. beatrix (13 individuals, 11.3%) and L. narindra (9 individuals, 7.8%). The internal chemical agents (lures and insecticide) seemed to have been effective approximately 6 months for L. singapura, > 20 weeks for L. beatrix, and > 18 weeks for L. narindra. Lymantria singapura were collected continuously until the end of February with three apparent peaks. The intervals of each peak were approximately 8-10 weeks, The GMPT seemed to be a useful tool for monitoring seasonal flight of L. singapura. L. beatrix captures seemed to have two peaks, L. narindra captures were too few to draw conclusions. To clarify seasonality of moth flight for L. beatrix and L. narindra using pheromone traps will require more intensive research with increased numbers of traps and/or with more effective pheromone lures.
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  • Chikaya SAKAI, Atok SUBIAKTO, Sih KAHONO, Naoto KAMATA, Koji NAKAMURA
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 481-488
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Larvae of Lepidopterous on the four species of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) insects were collected from nursery in Bogar, Indonesia. They were reared in the laboratory and identified to species level by adult stage. Amongst ca. 300 collected individuals, 127 adults were emerged, which included 27 speces in 11 families. The most abundant species was Olene inc/usa Walker (Lymantriidae) followed by Orgyia postica Walker (Lymantriidae). The family Lymantriidae was the most prosperous group on the Shorea juveniles in the nursery. Shorea leprosula and S. selanica raised many individuals and many species of Lepidoptera. However, S. javanica and S. pinango did not. An unidentified species of the family Lycaenidae was specific to S. javanica. The Noctuid moth, Ischyja manilia, was also biased to S. javanica.
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  • Masahito KIMURA, Yoshiyuki HIRAI
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 489-495
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Males of Drosophila elegans hold mating territories on individual Ipomoea flowers which remain to open for a single day. Here we investigated daily activity and territoriality of this species in Sukarami, Indonesia. Flies of both sexes spent the night in withered flowers and left them from morning to evening. As the day passed, the number of flies on newly opened (day-O) flowers increas·ed and peaked in the evening. On day-O flowers, males usually held territories, but seemed to be unable to defend territories when the number of flies on flowers increased. Territorial males on day-O flowers were larger than males which remained in day-1 flowers, indicating that larger males left withered flowers earlier than smaller ones to secure territories on day-O flowers. Laboratory experiments confirmed the superiority of larger males in territorial defense. In the female, such relation between body size and daily behavior was not observed. In the evening, flies became inactive and stayed rather still on flowers. Females laid eggs on flowers from morning to evening only on the day of blooming. The distribution of eggs among flowers was random.
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  • Gen TAKAKU
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 497-507
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Diagnoses and a key for seven macrochelid mites species of two genera, Macrocheles and Holostaspella, associated with scarabaeid beetles in Sumatra are given. Those species include one new species, Macrocheles sukaramiensis sp. nov., and three species, Macrocheles oigru, M. kraepelini, and Holostaspella berlesei, recorded from Sumatra for the first time. The new species is described in detail on the basis of materials collected from scarabaeid beetle Catharsius molossus in the Province of Sumatera Barat, Sumatra.
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Short communication
  • Kyohsuke OHKAWARA
    2001 Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 421-425
    Published: 2001
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Interaction between seeds of bird-dispersed plant, Dysoxylum alliaceum and two army ant species, Dorylus laevigatus and Pheidologeton affinis was observed in Bogor Botanic Garden of West Java. Especially the effects of ant species on the seed survival and germination were investigated by field observation and experiment. In the observation of 100 D. allianceum seeds placed on ground, 71 (71.0%) of them were buried under soil and monopolized by two ant species. All buried seeds were alive though their arils were completely devoured. When ant effects were excluded by covering the seeds with a plastic mesh, 32 (80.0%) of 40 placed seeds were dead by fungus infection. In the seed plantation experiment, the germination rate in seed groups where the arils were removed by hand and by ants was higher than that in intact group. Seed burial and aril removal by ants appear to enhance the survival and germination rate of D. alliaceum seeds.
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