The rapid urbanization of Greater Jakarta has resulted in the existence of slum areas. Some of them were inhabited along the riverside and were purged by the Governments in order to prevent a flood. Residents of the settlements were then relocated to the high-rise low-cost public housing named Rusunawa Jatinegara Barat. Literature and previous studies have stated that high-rise settlements pose problems for its residents, and social interaction was one of them. Physical factor also plays an essential role in this problem. For example, the social interaction of upper-floor residents might be different compared to that of lower-floor residents. This research aims to study changes after relocation and the pattern difference of social interaction between upper- and lower-residents. The research will be done through quantitative analysis using Wilcoxon test to show the significant changes after relocation and later a Chi-square test in order to see whether there were any significant differences in terms of social interaction between the upper-floor and lower-floor residents. From this study, first, it was discovered that in the case of Rusunawa Jatinegara Barat, the frequency of visiting neighbors was the most significant change after the relocation. Second, there were several significant pattern differences in social interaction between upper- and lower-floor residents including the frequency of having interaction, the location of where residents spend their free time and have social interaction, and perception of the number of friends.

Tourism sites under increasing pressures is expected to apply the concept of “Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC)” for planning and management. In the context of natural protected areas, it is said that considering various managerial dimensions and tourists’ experiential dimensions with resource dimensions to determine the extent of changes that are acceptable is more realistic, as ecosystem changes are dynamic and cannot be easily identified over short periods. This approach is known as the “Limits of Acceptable Change” (LAC)”, but the LAC approach and its methodologies are still evolving. This study therefore aimed to develop a framework for measuring the experiential dimension of the LAC approach, focusing on the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon (RISL) in Palau. We used six indicators defined through the preliminary research, and did experimental surveys with the structured questionnaire, the line census and the noise investigation for collecting both subjective and objective data. Results indicated that tourists’ experiential satisfaction was remarkably high which could outweigh concerns about congestion.

On the other hand, the analysis of the relation among indicators illustrated a candidate threshold of the number of visitors at a time, although we cannot be decisive with only one-time research. From the perspective of the evaluation of the methods, we found that subjective data was not effective in some cases as they could be too affected by personal background to reproduce an actual condition at the site. Further research including surveys on the resource dimension are needed for obtaining more reliable results for developing the LAC approach.

Informal settlements are integral in the forms of urbanization across the global south. They differ greatly in character and do not conform to zoning regulations. Notwithstanding their variations, however, they share some characteristics: inadequate housing, insufficient and/or inappropriate living space, lack or poor public services and utilities.

In Rwanda, informal settlements emerged in and around the capital City of Kigali (hereinafter referred to CoK) since its creation early 20th century, due to the flux of rural-urban migration. Since 2007, the CoK published its Master Plan. Concerning non-formal settlements chapter, it recommended the on-site upgrading and clearance or relocation of critical informal sites. Listed herewith are countermeasures against new informal settlements and alleviation of pressure of housing demand: elaboration and implementation of urban planning and development tools (1); informal settlement upgrading strategies (2); development of secondary cities (3).

This research focuses the on-site upgrading of informal settlements as a sustainable solution that leaves intact the residents’ socio-economic networks. Many researches talked about this solution. Yet, there is no clear guidelines of best upgrading practices. This research points out clustering formations of dwellings typologies with respect to available public infrastructures and services.

The findings from this research will serve a basis to prepare adequate physical plans responding to the needs of informal dwellers in particular, and formalizing the informal in general. To carry out this research, we collected data by on-site surveys and interviews. We subjected the data to dimension-reduction tools and we found a consistent patterning between housing typologies and public infrastructures and services.

This paper develops an analytical model for determining the number of flow demand facilities that cover trips. The proportions of covered trips within a specified deviation distance are derived for grid and random patterns of facilities. The analytical expressions for the proportions of covered trips demonstrate how the deviation distance, the number of facilities, and the pattern of facilities affect the level of coverage. The number of facilities required to achieve a certain level of coverage is then obtained. The coverage level is represented as the combination of the deviation distance and the proportion of covered trips. The coverage by the second nearest facility is also considered for the random pattern to deal with the case where facilities are subject to failures. The model incorporates any level of coverage and provides a versatile framework for determining the number of flow demand facilities.

Since the economic crisis, the informal business has become one of the most important factors which characterize the urban environment. The informal sector consists up multiple, different job types one of which is street vending. This study examines street vending by comparing and contrasting groups of street vendors. In this analysis, detailed information of the social demographic characteristics, earnings, aspirations, and perceptions of this type of work are used. Data collection was carried out at vendors concentrations in Makassar City which are located in a special area by using quantitative methods based on interviews and questionnaire forms distributed to the street vendors.

This study shows that for various functions which are grounded on land-use planning for which street vendors have different local codes for city identity, policymakers should consider these when framing public policies. Accordingly, this paper calls for the need to shed light on these conditions, not only due to their importance for city of Makassar but also due to the potential to transform our understanding.

As Japan is expected to enter a long period of population decline, the house vacancy ratio in Japanese cities is expected to increase. Therefore, efficient house vacancy surveying methods are required to accelerate research on housing vacancies in Japan. In this study, a standardized vacancy surveying method is developed. This method is fast and independent of the subjectivity of the surveying personnel, allowing the surveying process to be easily streamlined. This surveying method–which provides a vacancy ratio at a resolution of 250 𝑚–was applied to selected parts of Kyoto city. The results of the survey were analyzed to examine the zonal variation of the residential characteristics of the study areas. The insights obtained from that analysis were then used to develop dwelling units estimation models for two of the residential zoning classes in Japan. The newly developed zonal models provide an accurate estimation of the volume of dwelling units and consequently vacant dwelling units in target areas. Hence, they provide researchers and municipalities with a tool to identify areas with a high concentration of vacant dwelling units in the exclusively low-rise and mid/high-rise residential zoning classes in Japan.

Urban development and spatial planning, including policies in the tourism sector, have resulted in the transformation of land use and site shape in the old district of Makassar. This study aims to identify the land use changes of urban tourism amenities and analyze their implication on the site shape change. A spatial analysis of the growth of tourism amenities was conducted to understand the land use change at the urban block level. The results showed an increase in the plot area of tourism amenities such as accommodation, commercial, culinary, and tourism service facilities. An increase in plot area was also experienced by non-tourism facilities such as private offices and public services, while residential use declined.

The patterns of site shape change have been presented by using the typological analysis method. Four patterns of site shape change in the urban blocks level were identified, namely parcel consolidation, parcel splitting, coastal expansion, and demolition. The patterns occurred not only to expand the existing land but also to generate alternative access and form more extensive frontage to accommodate more visitors. In response to the site shape change, the implication to the urban space in the old district should be considered to control urban development. With this study, the pattern of site shape change in the old district will have been stated and will have contributed to explaining the phenomena that can occur in the other old cities as a process of their urban form.

The relationship between travel modes and the commuters’ trip satisfaction affected by mode characteristics is well known. These characteristics substantially impact travel mode choice used either as a mass transit feeder or direct transport. However, the perception of those feeder modes based on their service quality and the travel pattern determining trip satisfaction demands extensive exploration in developing cities. This paper analyzes feeder mode choice and trip satisfaction when accessing bus rapid transit (BRT) in Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metropolitan Area (RIMA). The study identified the factors contributing to travel mode choice as BRT feeder based on the empirical comparative evaluation of the service quality of public transportation services using survey analysis of 240 BRT commuters.

The results of the binary logistic analysis confirmed that daily BRT users with no vehicle ownership who travelled to work- and education-related destinations were more likely to use paratransit. Furthermore, the commuters showed substantial dissatisfaction when travelling with paratransit transportation due to low service quality. Similarly, trip satisfaction with low-quality feeder modes was also low when accessing BRT compared to Careem services, which showed high service quality and trip satisfaction. The findings showed that passengers reported the most dissatisfaction with paratransit regarding safety, waiting time, and travel speed, indicating service quality below acceptance level. Therefore, the provincial government must consider improving the paratransit service quality to an acceptable level when integrating this service as BRT feeders.

Perceptions of grassroots economies during the modernizing process can fluctuate between the view that they should be reduced as they are less productive and too informal, and that they should be maintained in an effort to realize an inclusive society. This paper focuses on the ‘Policy of Returning Walkways to the Public’ (PRWP), implemented in Bangkok, Thailand, which is a strict policy to control street vending businesses, a typical informal grassroots economy. We analyze the consequences of the policy, and clarify how a government should best address the issue.

The PRWP was initiated in 2014, drastically reducing the Temporary Permitted Areas (TPAs) for street vending in Bangkok, and resulting in a huge decrease from 683 TPAs with 20,275 vendors to 205 TPAs with 6,069 vendors in 2018. The strict clearing of street food vendors (SFVs) from the main streets caused tri-polarization of SFV businesses as follows: (1) relocating to backstreets if businesses were small with low costs (majority); (2) moving to private areas if their business was good and high rent affordable; and (3) giving up the SFV business and changing jobs. However, SFVs that upgraded to permanent restaurants, shops, or stalls in shopping malls were a minority. Although the PRWP achieved smooth pedestrian traffic in Bangkok main streets, it has destroyed economic and living opportunities, especially among vulnerable groups (lower educated female workers from poor regions), and they have become more marginalized by relocating to backstreets.

In recent years, the issue of shrinking cities has been under discussion in many countries. One of the problems caused by urban shrinking is the emergence of vacant houses and vacant land, and this aspect is receiving increasing academic and political attention in Japan. The factor of vacant houses has been underscored in many previous studies, but there has been little analysis of the vacancy rate and its factors from the point of view of maintenance cost. Vacant houses that have reached the end of their life span are abandoned for long periods because of high reconstruction and demolition costs or because of low maintenance costs, including special exemption from the fixed asset tax. Therefore, the vacancy rate may be high in areas with many houses whose assessed value for the fixed asset tax is less than the tax-exemption point. Analysis reveals a positive correlation between the rate of vacant houses and the rate of houses below the tax-exemption point of the fixed asset tax. In addition, a spatial lag model explaining the vacant house rate and the rate of houses below the tax-exemption point is a significant result.

Displacement policies are not always welcomed by residents, even though they are usually implemented to improve their living conditions. Focusing on procedural fairness and place attachment (project- and place-related factors, respectively), this study explores residents' concern underlying their opposition to a displacement policy. A field survey of 250 riverbank settlers in Jakarta, Indonesia was conducted. Residents' perceptions of procedural fairness significantly affected their degree of acceptance of displacement. Also, perceived procedural fairness predicted residents' participation in a class action lawsuit against the government's displacement proposal. This study showed that the degree of control that residents felt they had while the displacement policy was being designed, and their trust in the sincerity of the government, predicted the perceived procedural fairness.

In Japan, where many local cities face shrinking issues, it is necessary to research city formation process after World War Ⅱ and consider its characteristics in order to conduct smart shrinking initiatives with Location Optimization Plans enacted since 2014. Therefore, I analyzed influencing factors to urban area formation from the focusses on municipality merger, infrastructure development, railroad and bus service network and Public Housing development, etc. taking four regional Core Cites from 1960s to 2015. In order to grasp urbanized area formation process correctly on more microscopic district level, I adopt population data in Survey Districts for the National Census and in order to clarify the fundamental differences of infrastructure level in urban center, I compared between cities with Postwar Reconstruction Project and those without. Consequently, 1) The population densities of urban areas in regional Core Cities had steadily decreased since 1960. On the other hand, there was clearly a spatial structural difference between the cities with the Postwar Reconstruction Project and those without.

The population densities and the population sizes of station spheres were higher in the cities with the Postwar Reconstruction Project. 2) There was a clear difference in the urban area expansion in the period from the period of high economic growth till the initial Area Classification between the cities with the Postwar Reconstruction Project and those without. 3) The factors of bringing the characteristics of urban area expansion in the period from the initial Area Classification till today (1975 ~ 2015) were the degree of the expansion of Urbanization Promotion Areas and the promotion of Land Readjustment in the suburbs.