This paper describes past climate and environmental changes during the past 101 to 105 year time scale obtained by recent studies on ice cores from Arctic and Antarctica. Shallow ice cores from Greenland and Svalbard show clear North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) signals and explosive volcanic activities in the Northern Hemisphere and the equatorial regions. A deep ice core drilled to 2503 m at Dome Fuji, Antarctica covers the past 320 ka, which includes 3 glacial-interglacial cycles with Milankovitch cycles of about 20, 40, and 100 ka. Major chemical compositions and microparticle flux show high concentrations in glacials and low concentrations in interglain high-middle latitudes during glacial-interglacial cycles. The Dome Fuji deep ice core contains 25 visible tephra layers. An analysis of the chemical compositions shows the possible source volcanoes in and around the Antarctica.

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