Hezhen is one of the Tungus-Manchu languages, spoken in China along the Amur river. It has been thought to be a dialect of Nanay. But as seen below, in some phonetic correspondences, Hezhen shows the same characteristics as Tungus-Manchu languages which belong to Ikegami's group II (This grouping is according to Ikegami 1974: Ewen, Ewenki, Solon, and Negidal belong to group I, Udehe and Orochi belong to group II, Nanay, Ulcha, and Uilta belong to group III, Manchu and Jurchen belong to group IV. This article is not referred to Hezhen). The last two correspondences show the unique character of Hezhen compared to all the other Tungus-Manchu languages.
Hezhen Ewenki Orochi Nanay
(group I) (group II) (group III)
xakin xakin xakin paa (*p-) “liver”
adi adii adi xado (*x-) “how many”
inaki _??_nakin inaki inda (*-nd-) “dog”
ti_??_n ti_??_n ti_??_n tu_??_g_??_n (*-_??_g-) “breast”
giamsa giramna giamsa girmaksa (*-ms-) “bone”
nasa nanna nasa nanta (*-ns-) “skin”
xulsa xulla xukta polta (*-ls-) “quilt”
x_??_r_??_n x_??_n_??_n xe_??_n p_??_i_??_n (*-r_??_-) “knee”

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Paleo-Asiatic refers to non-Altaic and non-Uralic languages. At present, Chukchi Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut are language families, while Nivkh and Ainu are isolate languages. Manchu-Tungusic languages are concentrated in the Amur River basin (only Even, Uilta, and Sibe are entirely outside it). The Manchu-Tungusic basic protolanguage split up about two thousand years ago in the area, the center of which was probably the Lesser Khingan Range. It makes sense to distinguish three historical Manchu-Tungusic language varieties: basic, intermediate, and final protolanguages.
Lexical borrowings from Paleo-Asiatic languages are 1) in some modern Manchu-Tungusic languages (exclusive borrowings from Yukaghir and Chukchi-Kamchatkan in Even, from Nivkh in Negidal and Uilta, from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in Udege), 2) in the Amur-Sakhalin area languages (borrowings from Nivkh), 3) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the ancestor of Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 4) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the Manchu-Tungusic intermediate protolanguage, to which go back Oroch, Udege, Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 5) in the basic Manchu-Tungusic protolanguage there might be one lexical borrowing from the ancestor of the Nivkh language.
Early contacts between the Manchu-Tungusic languages and the Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages were over several centuries, probably somewhere in the basins of the northern tributaries of the Amur River.
With a very limited number of lexical borrowings from the Paleo-Asiatic languages into the Manchu-Tungusic ones, the borrowing of some words belonging to the basic lexicon seems surprising.

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The Tungusic family is comprised of ten small languages which are distributed in China and Russia. In each country, they have suffered a steady decrease in population and are more or less facing a danger of extinction. Historically, they have been affected by several prestige languages: Mongolian, Manchu, and of course Chinese and Russian. As an attempt to exemplify some grammatical changes of minority languages under dominant ones, this paper illustrates (1) Mongolian influences on Manchu, (2) Manchu influences on Hejen (a dialect of Nanai), and (3) Chinese or Russian influences on present-day Tungusic.
As a result of such manifold contacts, especially on the Chinese side, the Tungusic languages in China share some grammatical peculiarities which make them rather different from their relatives in Russia. On the Russian side, meanwhile, the impact of the state language has changed the minority languages in peculiar ways. As an example of Russianization, some Tungusic languages have developed relative pronouns and conjunctions with finite clauses. Recent reports often show much reduced stages of minority languages: in some cases it is no more than a kind of hybrid that manages to survive.
After a brief review of Tungusology in Russia and China, the author recognizes the need to interrelate information from both sides of the national borders and emphasizes expected foreign, especially Japanese, contributions.

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In this paper the oral literature (folklore texts) of Tungusic languages will be analysed mainly on the basis of the author’s field materials. The following problems will be considered: § 2) the variety of stories (folktales, l egends, and myths, § 3) the characters in the stories, § 4) the rhetoric,§ 5) the similarities between Tungusic folktales and neighbors’(Ainu andJapanese).

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津曲敏郎．『北のモノ・コト・ヒト―ことばと博物館の出会い』北海道大学出版会，2022年，438 p．

落合いずみ

松田素二・フランシス･B･ニャムンジョ・太田　至編．『アフリカ潜在力が世界を変える―オルタナティブな地球社会のために』京都大学学術出版会，2022年，452 p．

阿部　利洋

杉村和彦・鶴田　格・末原達郎編．『アフリカから農を問い直す―自然社会の農学を求めて』京都大学学術出版会，2023年，466 p．

黒田　末壽

柳澤雅之・阿部健一編．『No Life，No Forest―熱帯林の「価値命題」を暮らしから問う』京都大学学術出版会，2021年，290 p．

山越　　言

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The sable is an important animal for fur trade in the world since the ancient time in Eurasia. Therefore, it is important to review the names for the sables in various languages in Eurasia to investigate the transmission of words for the sables. In the present paper, to give basic information for the transmission and transformation of the words for the sable in Eurasia, words for the sable and 3 other species of marten (Martes sp.), weasels, and squirrels in Eurasian languages were investigated. In East Asia, the sable is called in various words. The sable was called “furuki ” (or fuluki) in ancient Japan (ca. 8 to 13 c.). It is called “hoinu ” -like words in Ainu language, “dambi ” with modifiers or other words in Korean, “bulgan ”-like words in Mongolic languages, and “segep ”-like words in Tungusic languages, and “diao ” with modifiers in Chinese. In the regions of central-western Eurasia where the sable is (was) distributed, the sable is called in words of “bulgan ”-like words in Mongolic languages, those of “kish ”-like words in Turkic languages, “nukse ”-like words in Finno-Ugric languages, and “sobol ” in Russian. In Iranian languages, the sable is fundamentally called in “samur ”. The word “samur ” is spread in central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. In northern-western Europe, the sable is called in “sobol ”-like words. In Eurasian languages, martens are sometimes called in the words related with squirrels. Especially, it is not worthy that squirrels are called “uluki ” -like words in Tungusic languages.

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Prof. IKEGAMI Jirō (1920-2011 ; Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University) is a linguist who conducted extensive studies on northern languages from the 1940s to the 2000s. He made remarkable contributions especially to the study of the Tungusic languages. Many of his published works are descriptive studies on Manchu and Uilta (formerly known as Orok) among the Tungusic languages. Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples has a collection of Prof. IKEGAMI’s former library materials, donated by his bereaved family. This collection is called Ikegami Bunko. The present article provides a list of all 286 sound materials in the Ikegami Bunko that he used in his research and studies. This list is not intended to present the audio contents recorded on each medium, but rather the (often handwritten) entries on the cases and labels. When the contents seem to be related to Prof. IKEGAMI’s publications and/or his notebooks, some references have been added so that they can be checked against them. The list of all 158 notebooks in the Ikegami Bunko was provided by the present author as a report “Prof. IKEGAMI Jirō’s Notebooks in the Collection of Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples (a List with References)” (Bulletin of the Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples 31, pp.85-115. 2022).

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Prof. IKEGAMI Jirō (Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University; 1920-2011) is a linguist who conducted extensive studies on northern languages from the 1940s to the 2000s. He made remarkable contributions especially to the study of the Tungusic languages. Many of his published works are descriptive studies on Manchu and Uilta (formerly known as Orok) among the Tungusic languages.
Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples has a collection of Prof. IKEGAMI's former library materials, donated by his bereaved family. This collection is called Ikegami Bunko.
The present article provides a list of all 158 notebooks in the Ikegami Bunko that he used in his research and studies. In cases where the contents are related to Prof. IKEGAMI's publications, the references have been added so that they can be checked against them. This is the first step in making the contents of Prof. IKEGAMI's notebooks widely known, and it aims to provide clues for those who are interested to access the notebooks in future. It is hoped that further information will be added through future research and studies.

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