本報告は大学授業におけるTBG（ターゲット・バード）の有用性を検証することを目的とした。2022年春学期にA 大学で開講された健康・スポーツ科学演習〈〉を履修した大学生14名（男性11名、女性3名）を本調査の対象とした。①打球練習場を活用した練習によるTBGのスコアの変化と打球データ（ヘッドスピード、ボールスピード、飛距離、ミート率、以下HS、BS、D、M）の関係や、②自由記述アンケートよりTBGの実践を通した自覚的な学習効果について検討した。TBGのpreスコアとpostスコアに有意差が認められた（P(T <-t)両側0.05）。スコアと打球データの相関については、HS、BS、Dの3項目において負の相関がみられた。また、自由記述アンケートからTBGの実践を通して、自己の成長やコースマネジメントの気づきが自覚することが明らかとなった。それらが生涯スポーツとしてを継続することへのきっかけとなる可能性が示唆されたことからも、体育授業においてTBGを実践することはの技能習得や生涯スポーツ実践に繋がる可能性のある有効な手段の一つであることが考えられた。

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本報告では、大学の授業において無料スマートフォンアプリケーションを用いた視覚的フィードバックが対象者の学習モチベーションに及ぼす影響を報告する。対象はM大学体育実技科目のを履修している男女計17名であった。対象者には視覚的フィードバックが可能なGOLFAIを用いて撮影した9Iのスイング動画を診断・採点し、スイングスコアとアンケートの提出を求めた。対象者から得られたアンケート回答として、具体的なスイングの強みや弱みの提示がわかりやすい、点数化されることが次の練習へのモチベーションへと繋がる、というようにポジティブに作用していることが確認できた。 また、弱みの提示によって練習時に意識するポイントを明確にすることができることも対象者からポジティブに捉えられていた。そのため、未経験者はスイングの点数化によるモチベーション向上効果、一方で経験者には改善点を明確にする効果があり、それぞれに有効であったことが報告された。

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 The objective of this paper is to categorize the basic golf swing that has been covered in golf tutorials, and by identifying the interrelationships between the categories, to find the swing considered to be most ideal today. If this type of basic swing can be identified, then based on such findings, it would be possible to systematically develop the learning steps to acquire the basic swing, as well as the learning steps from the basic swing to the applied swing.

 In order to achieve this objective, concepts of the basic swing of sixty-two distinguished players were gathered from 131 distinguished golf tutorials written been from 1920 to 2001, and were categorized from a viewpoint of movement structure.

 Based on these categories, this paper has found that the concept of the basic swing can be broadly classified into four main categories. Subsequently, observations of the phylogeny of the four categories have revealed that the no wrist turn/vertical axis is the most ideal swing today.

 In future, by continuing to further categorize different variations of the basic swing considered to be ideal, and bytrying to clearly define learning objectives, it would be possible to develop a theoretically supported reasonable teaching methods, as an alternative to the methods of teaching that has depended widely on personal experience.

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 The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the reasons for the golf grip that is most appropriate for the golf swing that is currently considered to be most ideal. In this study, the theories and opinions of 50 theorists studying any one of the 4 basic types of golf swings identified in the earlier study (ANDOH/ASAOKA 2003)- wrist turn/I type, wrist turn/reverse-C type, no-wrist turn/reverse-C type, no-wrist turn/I type - were researched. It was found from researching the grips advocated by the theorists, that there are 4 types of grips. The relationship between the 4 grip types and the 4 basic swing types which have transformed with technical evolvement were then researched m this study, and the grip for the swing considered to be most ideal, the no-wrist turn/I- type, was found.
 The following were made clear in this study from observations. By categorizing the grip by the V-shape made by the area between the index finger and thumb into the direction to which it points- the Jaw Direction or the Right Shoulder Direction-4 types of grips can be derived from the combination of the left / right grip with the direction to wmch the V-shape points.
 It was found that the grip which both the right and left V-shape point the Right Shoulder Direction was the most appropriate grip for the no-wrist turn/I type swing. This is due to the following reasons. With regard to the right grip, it is effective to turn the V- shape towards the right shoulder, in order not to turn the wrist. With regard to the left grip, it is effective to turn the V-shape towards the right shoulder, in order to resist the torsion of the club shaft.
 In a future study, I would like to research the posture of the address, the position and distance of the ball for a more effective coaching method for the no-wrist turn/I type swing.

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Many Japanese enjoy golf as a life-long sports today. This study was performed to obtain information concerning the state of manner code violations at golf course. The subjects were golf course managers. A questionnaire was mailed to 779 golf course in European countries, 1108 golf course in Oceania countries, 2285 golf course in North America. The investigation period was from August 1,2006 to October 30, 2008. They mentioned a total of 305 cases of manner code violations, the most commonest was “slow play”. In this study, the data were obtained from golf course managers, and further evaluation based on opinion of clients and caddies is also necessary. In the future try making the data base of golf manners in Japan.

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Recently, golf courses have been remarkably developed in Japan. The number of golf courses in this country is said to rank fifth in the whole world.
The number of Japanese golf players are growing so rapidly that the golf course hardly meet the demand of the players ; there has been an unbalance between the number of golf courses and that of players in Japan.
Golf players are distributed geographically uneven in the Japanese islands. Golf players are, on the whole, concentrated along the so called Pacific Belt where a large number of big cities are densely located. The number of golf players in the prefectures along the coast of the Sea of Japan and in the northern part of the Tohoku District in total is com-paratively small. The geographical distribution above mentioned can be mainly explained by the population distribution and climatic conditions.
Golf courses are most densely distributed around big cities. Furthermore, golf courses have been recently developed around local cities of medium size. There are a lot of golf courses which are located within 50 km distance from the downtowns of Tokyo and Osaka respectively, to which one can easily go and back in a day from each urban center. As the development of the communication facilities is going on, the spatial boundary of the area above mentioned is becoming wider and wider.
The golf courses in Kanto District are classified into six groups according to the topographical conditions.
There are still a lot of aspects which have not been referred in this article. One of the most important one among them is concerned with administrative regulations.

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 The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the turn styles of the body trunk and the shift of the rotation axis have transformed as the golf swing has evolved. For the purposes of this study, the 4 basic swing types (“wrist turn/I type”, “wrist turn/reverseC type”, “no-wrist turn/reverse-C type”, “no wrist turn/I type”) identified in a previous work (ANDOH/ASAOKA 2003) and the “wrist turn/the first stage-I type” swing used in the 19^th century were selected for analysis. From an analysis of photographs of the 5 swing types, a comparative analysis was conducted of the turn styles of the body trunk and the shift of the rotation axis, and structural characteristics of each of the swing types were revealed. Following these findings, it is demonstrated in this study how the turn styles of the body trunk and rotation of the axis have transformed with the evolvement of the golf swing.

 The following are the findings of this study. The movements of the “wrist turn/the first stage-I type” have evolved from the “no wrist turn/I type” swing by reducing the degree of rotation of the shoulder and waist and widening the movement of the lower body to the left. The golf swing has evolved further from here and the lack of movement of the upper and lower body has transformed the swing in the “no wrist turn/I type”. Following this, the shift of the waist to the left when finishing the “wrist turn/I type” swing hase volved into the “wrist turn/reverse-C type” which has further evolved into the “no-wrist turn/reverse-C type” from holding the head steady in place.

 Following this, the turn movements of the “no wrist turn/I type” swing, which is not generally accepted as a swing type, were considered to provide two benefits to the golf swing, as listed below.

 1)Larger degree of rotation of the waist and shoulder than other swing types

 2)Formation of straight-line impact zone from a swing arc that is larger than other swing types.

 Through these discussions, the structural characteristics of the “no wrist turn/I type” have been ascertained as the shifting of the rotation axis of the impact zone in a horizontal direction, and enhancing the upper body movement by bringing the right leg closer to the left leg at the time of the finish. It is considered that the step-by-step process to acquire the structural characteristics of the “no wrist turn/I type” swing will be required in the future.

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Recently leisure sports are gaining popularity. One of them is a golf. Golf population is about seven millions in Japan, nowadays. It is very good to participate in sports to keep up with our physical fitness. But it must be based on our physical strength. If we would like to make a rapid progress in the golf or feel pleasant with longer shot using a woody head club, there will be over burden and golfer's rib fracture may regut.
The head of golf club makes centrifugal force, and we turn rapidly our body to gain more powerfull impact. If we play golf taking no account of our physical condition for longer time, for more than several days a week, these repeated stresses may be one of the cause of the golfer's rib fracture.
At time, golfer (average golfer) vist our clinic complaining of pain in the chest, back, shoulder and neck. Though examination of these patients and physical sings and their progresses, we think that the methods of training of golf are not appropriate. Then we investigated the causes, mechanism and the character of golfer's rib fracture.
In this parper we reported 12 cases of such fractures, we find, to my knowledge, 31 cases have been reported in Japan and only 3 cases in the world literature. But we do not think that this fracture is a rare one and many cases may be unnoticed to natural tendency toward rapid spontaneous healing.

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Golfers always want to improve their score. Here we investigated what are the most important factors to increase skill in swinging the driver and finally improving average score. Under the assumption that good golfers hit well with a driver, we tried to find the relation between a golfer's average score and the various factors in driver swing by conducting experiments with golfers who earn varying scores. The swing speed, ball speed and club face angle at impact have been considered important factors. In this study, we add body twist factors. The average score of a golfer is accurately estimated by a linear function of the conventional factors and the body twist factors. From the sensitivity analysis of the linear function, we found that the most important factors in improving score are: (1) faster driver head speed, (2) greater driver angle, (3) lower standard deviation of ball speed, (4) faster body twist angular acceleration, (5) later time of maximum body twist acceleration than impact time.

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