This research aims to relativize the sports industry with contemporary society, with its continually-increasing pressures from the state and capital, through an analysis of German sports based on Habermas’ typology of publicness.
Habermas, insisted that the realization of the democratic state relies on the function of public discourse within the public sphere, sees civic public sphere of the late 18th century as its model. The clubs responsible for literary and artistic publicness (Verein) created “places for equality and public debate practice.” The bourgeoisie, the “debating masses,” with the backing of a spirituality that came from the intimate sphere that is the household, planted the seeds of critical publicness and political publicness against the public authority that regulated commodity trade, thus forming a unique public sphere within civil society (bürgerliche Gesellschaft). Calisthenics and sports in 19th century Germany also spread through their support by clubs that acted as “places for equality and public debate practice.”
However, there was a structural shift from critical publicness to receptive publicness as the 19th century wore on, and German football clubs also became incorporated into state and corporate advertising. A shift back to critical publicness happened in the second half of the 20th century, which is when Habermas recognized the potential of sports clubs that supported the new civil society (Zivilgesellschaft). Their dialogue with their Nazi and commercialism past gained energy from a system where the administration, corporations, and local residents negotiated centered on the non-profit registered associations (eingetragener Verein) that originated in these clubs. Even today, as the pressure of capitalism increases, an arena where receptive publicness and critical publicness struggle for supremacy is being formed in the Bundesliga.
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