This paper analyzes how the spread of the Soviet-style modernization in Eastern Europe and developing countries influenced the relations between the Soviet Union and these countries. During the Cold War, both the Eastern European countries and some socialist-oriented developing countries adopted Soviet-style industrialization. While this alternative way of economic modernization was imposed on Eastern Europe by Stalin, some local leaders from the developing countries regarded the Soviet industrialization as a “model” for economic development and partially embraced it. However, paradoxically, the spread of this alternative path to modernity caused headaches in the Soviet Union, because those countries that had imitated the Soviet experience soon began to request Soviet economic assistance, especially raw materials, to sustain their Soviet-style material-intensive economies. Faced with these economic demands, the Soviet government became wary of spreading its alternative modernity and advised leaders of developing countries not to introduce radical modernization projects. However, some left-oriented governments neglected this Soviet advice and implemented radical industrialization in their countries, which resulted in the exacerbation of the politico-economic situation and necessitated additional Soviet aid. As a result, by the end of 1970s, the Soviet ideology of the alternative modernity became a burden for the Soviet foreign policy.

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