In the study of the Delian League or the Athenian Empire, how and when Athens transformed the alliance against Persia into an empire of Athenian subjects has been a major problem. Since the publications of The Athenian Tribute Lists (1939-53) and Meiggs' The Athenian Empire in 1972, 'the crisis of the forties' has generally been considered a vital stage of this change, and the disaster in Egypt in 454 B.C. and 'the Peace of Callias' in 449 B.C. have been thought to cause this change. In this paper, first, I discuss that 'the crisis of the forties' was created, strengthened and distorted through the debates on the dating of the fifth-century Athenian inscriptions, i.e. the forties or the twenties. Since these debates have dealt exclusively with the development of the Athenian imperialism in the forties or the twenties, the students of the Athenian Empire have relatively ignored Thucydides' Pentekontaetia. Second, I argue that, for Thucydides, the Athenian αρχη emerged only through their military actions, and their attitudes to the allies were consistent from the time of the Naxian revolt to that of the later revolts(i.e. to the time of the Euboean revolt in 446 B.C. and the Samian revolt in 440/39 B. C. etc.). Because Thucydides marks that Athens' αρχη came into being in the course of the Pentekontaetia(1. 97. 1-2 ; 118. 2)and that the increase of Athens' αρχη emerged after her suppression of the Naxian revolt(1. 99) , he seems to think that the revolts of the allies and their suppressions by the Athenians were the fundamental basis of the Athenian αρχη. The Naxian revolt was, for him, the most important phase in which Athens' relationship with her allies changed to a coercive relation of αρχη. In other words, the allies became hypekooi instead of autonomoi after their revolts from Athens. In Thucydides' view, the Athenian αρχη was established through her violations of the allies' autonomia. Third, it is after the battle of the Eurymedon, for many ancient authors' thoughts, that the Athenian power increased and the relations between Athens and her allies changed. Because the Naxian revolt and the battle of the Eurymedon happened in a short period(1. 98. 4, μετα ταυτα ; 1. 100. 1, μετα ταυτα και) , their view seems to be consistent with that of Thucydides. Since the Naxians probably began to rebel in the spring of 466 B.C. or the fall of 466 B.C. and the battle of the Eurymedon was probably fought late in 466 B.C. or very early in 465 B.C., the middle of the 460s B.C. seems to be the most remarkable period that established the Athenian αρχη. Finally I conclude that there is a great discrepancy between the αρχη in Thucydides and that used by many modern scholars. Their discussions are not how Athens transformed their relationship with her allies from hegemonia to a relation of αρχη or power, but how Athens organized the Delian League and therefore made an 'empire' of the Athenians systematically. According to their modern standard, Athens' arche or 'empire' emerged only after her establishing of the firm organizations of the League. In Thucydides' view, on the other hand, Athens' αρχη or power emerged just after the Naxian revolt of c. 466 B.C.
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