After an exhaustive study of the languages of the two islands, morphologically, phonetically, and gramatically, Prof, E. ASAI published, in 1936, a paper entitled " A Study of the Yami Language : An Indonesian Language spoken on Tobago Island (Leiden), " in which he strongly put forward the opinion that the languages of the Batanes Island and Kotosho are almost the same rather than being merely akin to each other. The present writer compared 131 names of animals and plants used by the natives of these two islands and was struck with the marked similarities among them, thus confirming Prof. ASAI'S opinion.
In the language spoken by the Batanes at present, not a few of the words suggest a Spanish derivation, which is only natural, seeing that the island had long belonged to Spain. In the Yami language, on the contrary, excepting two instances, we can hardly find a word of Spanish origin.
Of the exceptions, one is vaka, the Spanish ox, and the other paluk, from Spanish pale. The Yami Word paluk means water sprinkled with some grains of millet. Before, launching a new boat, the Yami perform a ceremony called the mipaluk, in which each prospective member of the crew of the boat surrounds the boat, and smears its gunwale with the paluk from a pot, this paluk being a charm for the future success of the new boat. The Yami, curiously, have no wine of any kind, although the writer has reasons for believing that they drank some sort of wine in former times, just like all the other tribes of Formosa, which habit, however, has since been discarded. As a matter of fact, the Batanes islanders obtain from the sugar-cane a wine called the Bashi, or palek, which is clearly a derivation from the Spanish pale. According to Yami legend, the close intercourse that existed long ago between the Batanes Island and Kotosho, was broken off eleven generations ago, namely 275 years ago (a generation being 25 years), at which time Spanish ships appeared on the seas adjacent to the Philippines.
These two words of Spanish origin in the vocabulary of the Yami, show that the Kotosho language was slightly influenced by Spanish via the Batanes Isiand. Yami legends also support this 'chronologically. From these considerations the writer believes that communication existed between the Batanes Island and Kotosho about the middle of the seventeenth century.
These two words of Spanish origin in the vocabulary of the Yami, show that the Kotosho language was slightly influenced by Spanish via the Batanes Isiand. Yami legends also support this 'chronologically. From these considerations the writer believes that communication existed between the Batanes Island and Kotosho about the middle of the seventeenth century.

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台湾の蘭嶼に居住するヤミ族は,天上神を中心とした世界観と空間認識の体系を発達させており,人の霊魂は天界から蘭嶼に来りて誕生し,死ぬと死霊となり彼方の死霊の島に去ってここに永久に留まるという不可逆的な時間・空間の観念が卓越していて,他のオーストロネシア諸文化とは逆に外洋方向を良い方向,山岳方向を悪い方向として象徴化している.
しかし蘭嶼がと渡洋交易を営んでいたはるか過去の時代には,祖霊を中心とした体系が発達しており,霊魂は山岳方向から来りて誕生し,死とともに外洋方向より死霊の島に去り,いつかまた再生するという循環的な時間・空間の観念が卓越していて,山岳方向が良い方向,外洋方向が悪い方向となっていた.この変容は,がスペイン人に征服されて蘭嶼が孤立した小世界となり,父系的血縁集団が衰退し,個人主義と威信競争が卓越するようになった社会秩序の変化と大きくかかわっている.

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台湾とルソン島の間には,多くの島々が点々とつらなり,両者を結んでいる.すなわち火焼島,紅頭嶼の南,バシー海峡を隔てて,ヤミ,マブディス,イバヤット,バタン,サブタンなどのバ夕ン諸島,さらにバリンタン海峡とルソン島の間に,カミギン,バブヤン,カラヤン,フガなどのバブヤン諸島がある.これらの島嶼群は,その地理的位置から,フィリピンと台湾,さらに琉球との生物分布の関連性を見る上に,非常に重要であり,また興味深い地域といえよう.この地域の生物相探究は過去に,マニラ科学局(Bureau of science, Manila)の研究者によってなされ,若干の報告が知られるが,十分な知識をえる状態には至っていないようである.とりわけ蝶類については,バブヤン諸島より,わずかな資料が知られるにすぎず,については不明であった.1970年の夏,私は短期間ではあったが,バタン島で昆虫類を採集し,同島産蝶類の一片を知ることができたのでここに報告したい.

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Plant geography often occupies an important position in the study of ethnology, and it is not rare that studies of cultivated plants furnish the answers to certain questions of racial migration, cultural contact, etc. In such cases, it is obvious that care must be taken to ascertain whether such plant grows wild or whether it was introduced. In the present state of our scanty knowledge concerning the ethnic history of the Formosan aborigines, it may be useful to consider the original homes and migration routes of some of the Formosan cultivated plants that seem to have some relation to the ethnic history of Formosa. The present paper concerns the following plants:
(1) Artocarpus communis, (2) Pometia pinnata, (3) Semecarpus vernicifera, (4) Musa texitilis, (5) Acacia confusa, and (6) Dioscorea fasciculata. of these six kinds of cultivated plants, (1) to (4) are found cultivated by the Ami and Kuvalan tribes, inhabiting the plain on the eastern coast of Formosa. Plants, (5) and (6) are restricted to a narrow area occupied by the Paiwan tribe, S. Formosa.
It is believed that the ethnic groups of southern and eastern Formosa comprise a mixture of a number of tribes from various places, so that it is very difficult to pick out each single element. Upon examining the original localities of these cultivated plants, the writer is led to conclude that, at least, the following three routes of cultural migration from the south existed in the southern and eastern parts of Formosa.
1. That from the Batanes Islands to Botel Tobago (Kotosho), in which the Yami tribe is concerned.
2. That from somewhere in the Philippines to more than one centre on the eastern coast of Formosa, in which some groups of the Ami and Kuvalan tribes are concerned.
3. That from the northeastern coast of Luzon to the southern extremity of Formosa, in which a member of the Paiwan tribe is concerned.

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Botel Tobago, or Kôtôsho, which is a small island situated about 40 nautical miles southeast of Formosa, presents certain interesting characteristics from the standpoint of animal and, plant distribution. The author, who has visited the island five times since 1927, investigated the local fauna and flora, spending about 200 days in collecting material. The present paper deals with certain problems concerning the biogeography of the island, examines the nature of the fauna, flora, and vegetation, and discusses in some detail the origin and migration of life there. The main points treated therein may be summarized as follows:
1. Geologically speaking, from the fact that Kôtôsho, together with Kashôtô, shows marked affinity with the Batanes and Babuyanes islands of the Philippines rather than with the mainland of Formosa itself, these islands are regarded as a northern extension of the Philippines.
2. Climatologically, both Kôtôsho and Kashôtô are properly included in the same climatographical province as the Batanes and Babuyanes islands of the Philippines.
3. Judged from its fauna, Kôtôsho undoubtedly belongs to the Orientalregion, consisting of a mixture of forms belonging to the Indochinese, Indomalayan, and the Philippine subregions, of which the last element is clearly predominant.
4. Faunally, Kôtôsho clearly resembles the Batanes islands more than any other neighbouring region.
5. The flora of Kôtôsho, with its pronounced Philippine characters, is in striking contrast to that of the mainland of Formosa.
6. In vegetation types, Kôtôsho is totally defferent from those of the Formosan mainland, showing remarkable relations to the Philippines.
7. When dividing the regions adjacent to Formosa into biogeographical provinces, Kôtôsho, together with Kashôtô, should be included in the Batanes-Babuyanes province.
8. The northern part of the Neo-Wallace line as modified by Merrill and Dickerson should be revised and made to pass between the two islands (Kôtôsho and Kashôtô) and the mainland of Formosa.
9. The extreme end of the Neo-Wallace line ought to be drawn between the Bonin and the Micronesian islands, should Dr. Kuroda's opinion that the line, instead of stopping in the neighbourhood of Formosa, ought to be extended still farther, be accepted.
10. If the Neo-Wallace line runs between the Bonin Islands and Micronesia, Weber's line is then properly drawn between Micronesia and New Guinea.
11. The most potent agency acting on the present distribution of life in Kôtôsho is without doubt ecological, among which the climatological conditions should mostly be taken into account.
12. Besides the present ecological environments of Kôtôsho, the existence of a land bridge fomerly connecting Formosa via Kôtôsho and the Batanes islands with Luzon is also an important key to the solution of present life distribution, through which passage, Kôtôsho received intermigration of life from both north and south.
13. This hypothetical land bridge broke off between Kôtôsho and Formosa after the southward migration of Formosan forms had ended, the water becoming a barrier to the northward migration of Philippine forms to the mainland of Formosa.
14. The land bridge here postulated is supposed to have existed in late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, migration of life by this route having been accelerated by climatic changes during the Ice-age.
15. The temperate-zone types of animals and plants in the high altitudes of N. Luzon came from the north, not by the Oligoceneearly Miocene land connection as erroneously suggested by Merrill and Dickerson, but by the land-bridge of geologically recent times as just mentioned.

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In addition to the writer's paper on the stone implements of Botel Tobago published ten years ago, Mr. E. R. LEACH has described these implements in a recent issue of "Man". In this paper, the writer describes certain materials added to his collection since the date of his last paper, particilar, their uses and their relations to those found in adjacent regions.
The author, after all has only a few examples of stone implemenst from Botel Tobago, all of which were either obtained from the Yami men who had them as heirlooms from their forefathers, or were found buried under ground when they were working in the fields. The Yami is one of the few tribes in southeastern Asia who have a legend that their forefathers have used stone implements in ancient times.
Fig. 1, a stone implement which they call Chichivchiv and which has a characteristic waist form of outline, is made by knocking a piece off a waterworn boulder, so numerous on the sea-shore, one of its facs being chipped until it is flat, but rough, while its other face is left unworked, being smooth and convex. According to the Yami, this tool was not hafted to a wooden handle, but was held in the hand by itself for striking at and removing the roots of grasses and shrubs, and also when loosening the earth of a field. At present the Yami use only a digging-stick in working in the field, the hoe complete with head and wooden handle being quite unknown to them. The Chichivchiv presents an interesting problem regarding the use of certain types of chipped stone implements, to which hitherto had generally been believed were used for hoeheads.
Figs. 3, 4 show a Roofed axe (Dachformige Beil), which the Yami men call Uma-no-inapo (chisel used by the ancester). Now the Yami men use an iron chisel that resembles in shape this stone implement.
Fig. 5 (left) shows the stone implement which the villagers of Irararai call Chichivchiv. It is a asymmetrical adze which J. G. Andersson named, a Fourcornered axe (Vierkantbeil), ground on one side only. It is said that it was hafted to a wooden handle in such a way that the blade shall be parallel to the handle, and used for removing the roots of grasses and shrubs. The principal wood-working tool of the Yami is an axe, or Wasai, no adze in any form being found. From the presence in Botel Tobago of plank-built boats that seem to have been in use from years back, and from the fact that the term Wasai means axe as well as iron both in the Philippines and in Indonesia, the author is inclined to believe that the axe iron head seems to have been in use from remote times.
The stone implements from Botel Tobago are made of six kinds of rock, namely andesite, basalt, porphyry, sandstone, quartzite, and nephrite. Although the first mentionedrock is in found Botel Tobago, the remaining two rocks are not, which fact seems to show that some of the stone implements were introduced to the island by immigrant tribes.
So far as our present knowledge goes, the stone implements of the northern coasts of Botel Tobago appear to differ somewhat from those of the southern coasts. Those found in the latter, namely, the Roofed axe (Dachformige Beil) Figs. 3, 4 and the Cylindrical axe (Walzenbeil) (Fig. 2) are closely allied to those of the Philippines, . while those of the northern coast, the Fourcornered axe (Vierkantbeil) made of silicified sandstone of bluish-grey colour (Fig. 5, left), and earrings of nephrite (Fig. 6.-2, 3) have been excavated from the Yuwao site of Samasana island, pointing to some sort of intercourse between Samasana island and the northern coast of Botel Tobago. This is also suggested by a legend of the Irararai village to the effct that the Shirarorarogan, a tribal group of that village, who had unique customs differing from those of other groups of that village is, said to have been engaged in considerable traffic on the seas between Botel Tobago and Samasana island, eleven generations ago.

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The Philippine Islands have long been known as one of the localities in southeastern Asia, rich in gold, which fact attracted the Spaniards and led to their occupying the islands as early as the sixteenth century. According to old records, when the islands were discovered by the Spaniards, their inhabitants were wearing various ornaments of gold that they had obtained, mostly from placers. The Philippines thus seem to have been an outstanding region for "gold culture". The writer believes that the"gold culture" of the Philippines strongly influenced the aborigines of the eastern coast of Formosa, including Botel Tobago (Kotosho). The early voyagers, such as W. DAMPIER and J. MEARES, have left it on record that the inhabitants of the Batanes Island greatly esteemed the gold that abounds in the island, wearing it in the form of earrings and bracelets. In Kotosho, also, which seems to be closely related to the Batanes Island, culturally, gold is valued above everything else. According to Yami legend, the god, "Tauruto", lowered a golden ladder, or "Obai ", from heaven, on which sat the first human being. Today, it is not a rare sight to see members of the Yami tribe of the island possessing gold pellets or golden breast ornament of cocoon-shape, called the "Obai", which is believed to atone for any murder that they have commited. They say that gold was formerly obtained from the Batanes.

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沖縄県与那国町で露地栽培中のボタンボウフウにおいて葉の表裏，葉柄に微小な黄斑点を生じ，褐色粉状の胞子が大量に形成され黄化・葉枯に至る病害が発生した。病原菌の夏胞子は淡褐色，単細胞，広楕円形ないし倒卵形で表面に細刺があり，大きさは23～38.5×21～32.5μm であった。冬胞子は褐色2細胞で隔壁部がややくびれ，短棍棒形，長楕円形ないし雪だるま形，大きさは34～51×22～33μm であった。夏胞子の接種により病徴が再現され，夏胞子および冬胞子が形成された。本病原菌とカワラボウフウ属の植物に寄生するさび病菌との形態的比較に基づき，Puccinia jogashimensis と同定した。以上より本病をさび病（新称）とすることを提案する。

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