The historian Hafez Abru (died in 1430) of the Timurid Dynasty period wrote the historical work Magma' al-Tawdrix (“Historical Collection”), which consists of four parts. In the tribal records of the third volume of this work, information concerning the history of the Timurid Dynasty, which cannot be seen in other historical materials, has been confirmed. This paper will discuss and analyze a manuscript of Magma' al-Tawdrix containing nine tribal records concerning the Timurid Dynasty, which is kept in the library of the Topkapi Saray Museum of Istanbul. As a result, it is clear that Hafez Abru wrote the tribal records in the year A. H. 829 (1425/26), with the following two types of tribes in mind:
(1) tribes which have marital relations with the Timurid family
(2) new tribes of the 14th century formed from various Mongolian tribes

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This paper examines the winter quarters of Timur (1336?-1405) and their significance in his governance of the regime he founded. Timur's decision to eschew seasonal migration in favor of spending his winters in palaces with permanent architectural structures, his choice of their locations and the reasons for that choice all do not conform to the traditional Turko-Mongolian nomadic lifestyle, and thus cannot be fully explained from a pastoral viewpoint. Before founding his regime, Timur established his power based in the Khashka River basin, building his main winter quarters at his native city of Kish and at Qarshi, the latter of which was closely affiliated with the khans of Chaghatay Ulus. However, after founding his regime, he decided to establish a capital at Samarqand, which, although,best suited as the location for summer quarters, was made to serve as Timur's winter quarters, in order to better concentrate on domestic political affairs. Then from the mid-1370s on, he often spent his winters in Zanjir Saray, in the suburbs of Qarshi, for the purpose of ruling in place of the last politically powerful khan of the Chaghatay Ulus. Then, after his incursions into Western Asia, which began around 1380, Timur set up Kish as a capital located between Samaqand and Qarshi, resulting in a dual capital system. It was during 1387-88 that Timur would lose his important winter quarters as the result of the invasion of Mawarannahr by Toqtamish's army, which destroyed Zanjir Saray. From that time on, in the midst of repeated expeditions into Western Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe, the Qarabagh Plain in Northwestern Iran became favored as the location of Timur's winter quarters. Timur's rebuilding of Baylaqan and the construction of new canals was aimed at establishing the center of western regional imperial governance in Qarabagh, and a main highway with a system of relay stations functioned to connect Northwestern Iran with Central Asia. During his twilight years, Timur spent most of his remaining life in the Irano-Islamic garden spots (bagh) on the outskirts of Samarqand, where he constructed palaces to pass his winters. Theses baghs were architectural tributes to his imperial power and functioned as harems. Along with the construction of the town of Misr on the main highway between Samarqand and Kish, he provided baghs with palaces, pasture land, rest accommodations and way stations for travelers using the highway. It was in this way that the trunk line and its environs took on the appearance of a "capital region" for the empire.

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This paper analyses the formation of the Ilkhanate from the standpoint of the composition and attribution of troops under the command of the first Ilkhan, Hulegu. In 1206, Chinggis Khan organized troops under his command into groups of 1,000 men. He distributed some of these groups among his younger brothers and sons as qubi. Each recipient formed his own ulus, or khanate. In 1254, Mongke Qa'an, a grandson of Chinggis Khan, dispatched his younger brother Hulegu to conquer West Asia. According to Jami' al-Tawarikh, which was compiled in the early 14th century, Mongke, having consulted with members of his family, ordered that henceforth the two tama groups that had been garrisoned in West Asia during the late 1220s should be transferred to the command of Hulegu. In addition, Mongke resolved that the troops conscripted from among the groups of 1,000 men were to be granted to Hulegu as his inju. After Mongke's death, his other brother, Qubilai, acceded to the throne of Qa'an in 1260 and recognized Hulegu's reign over 'the Mongol troops and the regions of Tazik, or Iran Zamin'. This paper demonstrates that these troops were not transferred to Hulegu during the reign of Mongke Qa'an. The later writings of Jami' al-Tawarikh justify both the rule of Hulegu and his descendants over these troops and Iran Zamin, in particular that of Hulegu's great grandson, Ghazan Khan, and also the formation of the Ilkhanate. In reality, these troops came under the command of Hulegu and his descendants in stages between the second half of Hulegu's reign and the first half of the reign of his successor, Abaqa Khan. Moreover, this paper illustrates that Ilugei Noyan from the Jalair tribe and Sunjaq Noyan from the Suldus tribe belonged to Hulegu's primary ulus formed in Mongolia before 1238. Thus, their families and descendants maintained their power and influence over Iran Zamin even after the decline of the Ilkhanate in the late 1330s.

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The Ulus-i Juji (the "Golden Horde"), over which descendants of Joci (Juji. Ciηγiz qaγan's eldest son) reigned, was situated on the "Dast-i Qipcaq" steppe in the northwest of Inner Eurasia. At first, the Ulus consisted of three nomadic fiefs: the center, the left wing, and the right wing. Early in the 14th century, during the reigns of Toqto'a and Ozbeg xan, this organization was changed to just two wings: the right (western) and left (eastern). The leader of the right wing was the chieftain of the whole Ulus. According to some general surveys of Central Asian history, from the middle of 14th through the 15th century, in the eastern part of Dast-i Qipcaq (territory of the Ulus left wing), a new nomadic group called "Ozbegs" was formed after the collaspe of the "Golden Horde", and founded an independent state under the rule of Abu al-Xayr xan, a descendant of Siban, Joci's fifth son. However, a part of the "Ozbegs" separated from Abu al-Xayr xan's state, and became the Qazaqs. In the study of the "Nomadic Ozbegs", the relationship between the name "Ozbegs" and Ozbeg xan has been one of the problems which has not yet been solved. Now, many scholars who specialize in the field think that there is no relation, because the "Ozbegs" were formed in the eastern part of Dast-i Qipcaq, the left wing of the Ulus-i Juci, while Ozbeg xan was a ruler of the right wing. However, this opinion is incorrect, for Ozbeg xan was the chieftain of the whole Ulus. According to the source in which the "Golden Horde" was consisted of two wings, the right wing is also called "Ozbeg". The "Ozbegs" were named after Ozbeg xan. After Islamization at the time of Ozbeg xan, "Ozbeg" became the general term for the whole Ulus-i Juci.

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The Mongol Empire, which was built by Chinggis Khan through his unification of the nomadic peoples of Central Eurasia in the early thirteenth century, in the same way as the great nomadic empires that preceded it, split up into four major states due to internal conflicts among its rulers in the latter half of the same century. Its successor states also either fell or split up further during the middle of the following century. A difference of major importance, however, between the Mongol Empire and its predecessors was that the Central Eurasian nomads never forgot the glorious name of Chinggis Khan even after the split and the fall of its successor states. In the later nomadic society people's minds were long conditioned by the unwritten law that only those having Chinggis Khan's blood in their veins were entitled to khanship. The Oyirad, a group of people who held sway over Mongolia for some time after the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China, are known to Westerners as the Kalmyks or the Western Mongols. They were called 'aliens (qari)' by the Mongols proper, or the descendants of the Yuan loyalists who reunited in the late fifteenth century. No male descendant of Chinggis Khan was to be found among chiefs of the groups making up the Oyirad. Still they produced such famous chiefs as Guusi Khan and Galdan Bosoqtu Khan in the seventeenth century. When and through what process was khanship born in the Oyirad? Who was it that legitimized such a title? Early in the seventeenth century, the Oyirad tribes succeeded in destroying a Mongol khan who had been their overlord and freed themselves from their former tributary obligations to the Mongols. Now they wished to have their own khan and obtained permission to do so from the Fifth Dalai Lama, the supreme leader of the Dge lugs pa Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, a faith which they had zealously embraced. Yet, even the Oyirad had not lost their traditional respect for Chinggis Khan, which enabled only Guusi Khan of the Xosud tribe and his descendants to assume the title of khan, since they supposedly could date their ancestry back to Josi Qasar, a younger brother of Chinggis Khan. Among the sovereigns of the so-called Zun Γar 'Empire' that grew powerful in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to become the last of equestrian nomadic empires in Central Asian histofy, only Galdan, whose mother was a daughter of Guusi Khan of the Xosud, was granted khanship by the Dalai Lama. All others held only the title of xong tayizi, which meant a viceroy under a khan among the Mongols. Thus there never was a 'Zun Γar Khanate'.

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