In Japan, the concept of indexicality in photojournalism has a rich history. It emerged during an era when photographs were often subject to technical adjustments and corrections for various reasons. Even then, readers had already begun viewing these images as the result of light interacting with the subject despite the initial photographic process and subsequent modifications.

    During wartime propaganda, photographs were frequently altered for different purposes, yet readers’ attitudes remained consistent, allowing the indexical function to persist. After World War II, photojournalism using film cameras demonstrated remarkable indexical stability for about half a century. However, as we entered the 1990s, advancements in digital technologies-such as image manipulation techniques and the digitization of data for capture, transmission, and storage-gradually transformed the definition of a photograph. No longer could we strictly define a photograph as an image created solely by light from the subject.

    Amidst this increased plasticity (the potential for modification), news organizations have strived to maintain the perception of photojournalistic images as indices by adhering to ethical guidelines that discourage digital manipulation of digital photographs. However, the landscape has evolved further. Smartphones equipped with computational photography capabilities generate images that resemble past high-quality photographs, even though they are distinct from photorealistic images produced by AI. Additionally, recent high-end digital cameras now incorporate features to prove the authenticity of captured images, recording metadata to ensure transparency regarding any image alterations.

    Based on the authority of existing media and the trust bestowed by readers, the method of maintaining the "indexicality" of journalistic photographs through self-restraint in image manipulation is no longer the sole approach in this complex media environment.

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本研究は映像コンテンツのシナリオ制作における試練要素の発想支援や配置タイミングに関する支援を行うことを目的としている．はじめに，執筆者らは既存の映像作品から試練要素を抽出し，データベースとしてまとめた．そして，このデータベースを基に試練要素を含んだプロットを作り，試練要素を入れるタイミングをスムーズに設定できる試練要素支援ツールを開発した．本ツールの有用性を検証するため，被験者にツール使用前とツール使用時とで試練要素プロット数を比較してもらう実験をおこなった．実験の結果，ツール使用時には従来より多くのプロットを作成できることが確認でき，本ツールの有用性が示された．

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The purpose of this report is to explain how the course has been designed and conducted with the main materials of movies, songs, and TV drama series in the English class for the fourth-year students of National College of Technology, Kumamoto College, Yatsushiro Campus for six years. The main aims of this course are to improve English skills through understanding and reading aloud the materials such as essays on movies, dictating the lyrics of songs, brief scenes from movies and dramas, to improve TOEIC score, and to build vocabularies. Movies, dramas, and songs are effective media that allow students to engage both in learning everyday English and TOEIC test. Considering how the students of National College of Technology are expected to attain in English and communication field in their careers, the author is encouraging students to broaden their cultural viewpoints that lead to lifelong interests and learning.

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トニー・オウ監督の映画『南京的基督』は、芥川龍之介の小説「南京の基督」を原作とする。原作の旅行者を作家自身とし、作家が主人公の娼婦と不倫の恋愛関係に陥るという大きな設定の変更を行うことによって、映画は、シニカルな原作を完全な純愛物の物語に転換してしまった。だがその中で、映画は原テクストの特異点として、混血の表象を指示し、異なる文化圏にまたがるジェンダー=コロニアリズムの問題を喚起するのである。

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The "American Dream" was long associated with a series of "rags-to-riches" stories written by the nineteenth-century novelist Horatio Alger, but after the Great Depression of the 1930s, it lost its vigor and reality. Alger's stories became folktales, and the "American Dream" came to be almost synonymous with a "pie-in-the-sky" dream. Since the 1980s, however, the "American Dream" has shown signs of revival, but in a very different way from that of Alger. Forrest Gump, a 1986 novel by Winston Groom, is an example. This novel was cinematized by Hollywood in 1994, winning the Academy Awards in six categories, and Bollywood has reportedly started to remake the movie for 2020. Under the hypothesis that Groom is the Horatio Alger of the twentieth century, and under the framework of Robert Bellah, who views American intellectual history from the dynamic interaction between the two traditions, "utilitarian individualism" and "biblical religion," this paper will explore how closely the "American Dream" is related to the people's view of capitalism in America and thus to the tradition of utilitarian individualism, how it was affected by the Great Depression, and what the new vistas emerging out of the interaction of the two traditions of the 1980s are.

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