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  • ─「地方的世界」論からのアプローチ─
    藤井 勝
    村落社会研究ジャーナル
    2024年 30 巻 2 号 13-26
    発行日: 2024/04/25
    公開日: 2024/06/03
    ジャーナル フリー

       Japanese rural sociologists have contributed to the study of rural societies in East Asian countries on the basis of their approaches to Japanese rural society. I have also tried to study the rural society in Northeast Thailand, so called, Isan according to this tradition, namely to study it in the context of “local world”. Its basic phase is equivalent to “the 4th social district”, which can be extracted from the “natural village” theory of Eitaro Suzuki.

       In principle, the “local world” of Isan before the 20th century can be detected in muang system. Some old documents show processes of establishing muang, and its internal structure. The uniqueness and abundance of Isan muang becomes revealed in detail through them. Isan Travels, a survey report written by a French scholar shows that Chinese merchants became evident particularly in larger muang.

       After the reformation of Thai local administration in the last of the 19th century, the basic phase of “local world” has been transformed into amphoe. Though Isan was neglected for a long time, the Vietnam War notified Thai society of its importance, because Isan peasants had sympathy for people in Laos, and sometimes for communism. In response to this problem, Thai government promoted the development of Isan in various fields. Because amphoe, and its constituents: muban (village) and tambon (a group of villages) play important roles, the government has reorganized these units adequately. As a consequence, amphoe societies have been strengthened. Around the same time a lot of Chinese migrated into local towns to develop amphoe commercially. Today, amphoe societies in Isan are confronted with a new stage under the influence of globalization.

  • 年報タイ研究
    2023年 23 巻 Supplement 号 77-100
    発行日: 2023年
    公開日: 2024/01/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 村嶋 英治
    アジア太平洋討究
    2021年 42 巻 39-106
    発行日: 2021/10/30
    公開日: 2022/03/08
    研究報告書・技術報告書 フリー

    Both Higashi Honganji (Otani) sect and Nishi Honganji sect of Shin Buddhism in Japan started to send their preachers to the interior of south China in the late 1890s. By getting the announcement of permission by local authorities in Fujian province, both sects of preachers hired the local Chinese as directors (董事) to persuade Chinese inhabitants to participate in their sects. Accordingly they succeed in increasing the number of Chinese participants rapidly. However the main purpose of Chinese particpants who were living in unstable and disorder areas, was not faith in Japanese Buddhism, but the expectation of protection by Japanse preachers and Japanese government. They paid large sums of money to Japanese preachers and Chinese directors in order to become members.

    In the late year of 1904, Chinese central government started to suppress Japanese Budhhist preachers in the inner south China in the midist of burgeoning Chinese nationalism. Japanese preachers faced difficulties.

    Some of them, such as Takeda Ekyo of Otani sect in Amoy (Xiamen), Miyamoto Eiryu of Nishi Honganji sect in Swatow (Shantou) moved to Siam in 1907 in search of overseas Chinese who were immigrants from south China. Siamese Minister of Interior, Prince Damrong declined to write a letter of introduction to local authorities, but allowed Japanese Buddhist propagation by citing the freedom of religion in Siam. Japanese preachers used the same method employed in south China to propagate Japanese Buddhism. They hired the local Chinese dirctors and advertised Japanese protection as saling point to persuade overseas Chinese, who have no one to rely on in Siam. They succeeded to gain a large number of participants and to collect a good amount of cash.

    These Japanese activities were known to King Chulalongkorn (Rama Ⅴ) in February 1908. He ordered to extinguish Japanese Buddhist propagation as he was suspicious that the Japanese would gain the support of oversea Chinese contray to Siamese interest. Within one year and half Japanese Buddhist propagation in Siam was exterminated.

  • 高橋 正樹
    平和研究
    1989年 14 巻 75-86
    発行日: 1989/11/10
    公開日: 2024/06/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • -ラーマ6世治世期(1910-1925)を中心として-
    玄田 悠大, 中島 直人
    日本建築学会計画系論文集
    2019年 84 巻 762 号 1727-1737
    発行日: 2019年
    公開日: 2019/08/30
    ジャーナル フリー

     The objective of this research is to demonstrate the function of the city space based on how it has affected the transformation of social structure in Bangkok, Thailand, by examining modernisation projects conducted during the reign of Rama VI (1910–1925) from the viewpoint of nationalism and by spotlighting domestic and international affairs.

     Offering a definition of the spaces that were used for experimenting with the introduction of modernisation as ‘experimental spaces for modernisation’, two such projects are highlighted in the research. One is a modern miniature city ‘Dusit Thani’, hereinafter referred to as ‘DT’, where experimentation was conducted to introduce modern systems. Another is ‘The Plan for the Siamese Kingdom Exhibition’, hereinafter referred to as ‘SKE’, which planned on presenting the space from the perspective of the Siam Kingdom.

     By analysing these projects, the following three points were clarified.

     First, it was revealed that DT worked as a bridge that helped people to connect the current state of the Siam Kingdom with the ideal picture of modernised politics and society, while SKE worked to make people believe that the current state of the Kingdom represented the ideal picture of a modernised country.

     These real-world projects made it possible to provide affinity and homogeneity in Thai society and contributed to creating fictitious concepts as reality. These spaces came about because the Siam Kingdom at the time was a non-colonized modernising country. As a result, these experimental spaces for modernisation demonstrated the modern national statue, which was the ideal of the Siam kingdom.

     Second, one of the intentions of DT and SKE was to prevent a coup d’état internally, and one of the intentions of SKE was to externally prevent colonisation by presenting a picture of a modernised country. These experimental spaces for modernisation attempted to show that the Siam Kingdom was modernised nationwide as it was an absolute monarchy and a non-colony. In other words, the experimental spaces for modernisation were expected to prevent movement against the ideal modern state image.

     Lastly, DT and SKE indicated that the experimental space for modernisation and the adaptation of the concept of ‘population survey · map · museum’ related to the ideal modern national statue emerged. In other words, Rama VI, the ruler of DT, SKE and the existing society, attempted to make it clear to domestic and foreign parties that he could govern the ideal modern state. Therefore, in the process of forming nationalism, the experimental spaces for modernisation were attempting to demonstrate the legitimacy of the political situation, and the rulers of the existing society of an unmodernised country were appropriate for governing even after modernisation was achieved.

  • ―第一次世界大戦と「古物調査・保存に関する布告」(1924)を契機として―
    日向 伸介
    アジア・アフリカ地域研究
    2019年 18 巻 2 号 113-134
    発行日: 2019/03/31
    公開日: 2019/04/26
    ジャーナル フリー

    This essay clarifies the process by which archeological administration was introduced in modern Thailand in the period from the First World War to the 1932 Revolution. A major turning point was the replacement of German linguist Oskar Frankfurter as chief librarian of the Wachirayan Library by French epigraphist George Cœdès, as a result of Thailand’s involvement in the war on the side of the Allies. Since Cœdès had settled in Thailand, strong ties developed between its cultural administration and the École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of Asian Studies). On the strength of this relationship, the French government proposed that the Thai government set up an archeological service. In response to the French request, Prince Damrong drafted the Decree of Investigation and Conservation of Antiquities, the first regulation for the preservation of cultural properties in Thailand, which was promulgated in 1924.

    In the late 1920s, Prince Damrong engaged in many important works: at the suggestion of Fernand Pila, a French Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Thailand, he published Buddhist Monuments in Siam, which is today considered to be the first Thai art history; he established the Royal Institute, the first comprehensive organization of cultural administration; he made legislative preparations for controlling exports of cultural properties; and he reformed Bangkok Museum. Also, he drafted the Act for the Establishment of Bangkok Museum, the first systematic law consisting of nineteen articles to govern and manage cultural properties. From 1929, curators of the museum such as Luang Boribanburiphan and Manit Wanlipodom started nation-wide archeological investigations under the direction of Prince Damrong. Even after Prince Damrong lost power in the Thai government as a result of the 1932 Revolution, the museum’s curators remained at the re-established Fine Arts Department, and continued to play central roles in the administration of archeological and cultural properties.

  • 年報タイ研究
    2023年 23 巻 Supplement 号 27-45
    発行日: 2023年
    公開日: 2024/01/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 西澤 希久男, 桑原 尚子, 島田 弦
    法制史研究
    2017年 66 巻 133-175,en9
    発行日: 2017/03/30
    公開日: 2023/01/13
    ジャーナル フリー

    タイ法制史研究の状況
     タイは、日本と同様に、アジアにおいて植民地とならなかった数少ない国の一つであり、また日本を含む列強との間に締結した不平等条約を改正するために、西洋法に基づく司法制度確立を求められるという歴史を有する。
     上記のような歴史を有するタイにおける法制史研究の特徴としてあげることができるのは、第一に、法学者の大半が法制史に関心を有しておらず、法制史を専門とする法学研究者が非常に少ない。第二に、伝統法研究が「三印法典」研究に集中している。第三に、歴史学、社会学、政治学等の観点からの制度史研究が盛んである。最後に、タイの法学者が関心を有する分野は、西洋法に基づく法典編纂、司法制度構築の過程であり、当該分野は日本人研究者も関心を持っている。興味深いことに、民商法典の編纂に関して、ドイツ法の影響が強いことが長年主張されてきたが、近年フランス法を初め、その他外国法の影響も見られることが指摘されるようになり、この点についても日本と類似している。
    マレーシア法制史研究の状況
     マレーシア法史は、マラッカ王国成立前、マラッカ王国時代、マラッカにおけるポルトガル植民地時代、マラッカにおけるオランダ植民地時代、英国植民地時代、独立後と時代区分されることが多い。近年の研究では、法史をいかなる視角から記述するかが自覚的に問われるようになっている。
     本稿では、主に英語文献を中心に、マレーシア法史研究について研究課題及び研究視角の観点から整理することとする。研究課題として、マラッカ法典等のマレー法集成、アダット(慣習法)、イスラーム法、スルタン、イギリス法継受及びパーソナルローに焦点を当てる。研究視角については、東洋法と西洋法、多元的法体制、法と政治及び植民地法制の比較を取り上げ、代表的論者の主張を整理する。
    インドネシア法制史研究の状況
     本稿はインドネシア法制史に関する主要な研究について検討することを目的としている。そのために、本稿は、ヒストリオグラフィ、すなわち、歴史において何が起きたかよりも、どのように歴史が叙述されるかに着目するアプローチを用いることを試みる。
     インドネシア法制史は、大きく前植民地期、植民地期および独立期に分類できる。前植民地期は、インドネシア領域においてアダット法と呼ばれる慣習法およびイスラーム法の原型を残した。十七世紀に始まる植民地期は、ヨーロッパ近代法をこの地域にもたらした。しかし、植民地初期においては、インドネシア地域を支配したオランダ東インド会社は、現地の法に大きな関心を払わなかった。一八三〇年に植民地収益を増加させるために、オランダは強制栽培制度を導入した。そして、オランダは強制栽培制度を運営するために慣習法に基づく伝統的権力を利用した。特に、ヨーロッパ人と原住民を区別し、人種ごとに異なった法体系を適用する政策は現在に至るまで影響を残している。一九〇一年、オランダは原住民エリートに近代教育の機会を与えることを中心とする政策を導入した。オランダによる人種別植民地法政策は一九四三年の日本軍占領まで続いた。そして、インドネシアは一九四五年に独立を宣言した。独立後のインドネシアは、一九九八年まで権威主義体制として特徴付けられる。
     インドネシア法制史研究の業績は、このような歴史をどのように叙述しているだろうか。本稿は、まず、それらの諸研究が取り扱っている法と歴史の範囲(インドネシア法制史の通史であるのか、特定の法分野に特化しているのか)を概観し、その上で、インドネシア法制史研究の方法論とその目的を検討する。
     方法論については、三つの方法論を論じた。第一は、実定法および法制度の歴史的変遷を記述する方法論である。現在のインドネシア法はオランダ法の伝統に属しているため、この方法論をとる業績のほとんどは、その記述を植民地期から始めている。第二の方法論は、植民地政策の反射として法制度を考察するものである。バーンズはオランダ経済政策と学問上の論争が植民地法政策に影響を与えたかを論じている。最後は、インドネシア社会の変容と法制度の関係を論じる方法、いわゆるソシオ・リーガル・スタディである。レブはこのソシオ・リーガル・スタディの方法論で最も影響力のあるインドネシア法研究者である。
     インドネシア法制史の目的、換言すれば「なぜ、その歴史を語るのか?」について、本稿は、インドネシア法制史研究の諸業績は三つのタイプに分類できると論じる。第一は、インドネシア民族主義を根拠づけるためである。第二は、現在のインドネシア法制度の問題点、特に脆弱な司法制度の原因を突き止めようとするためである。そして第三は、権威主義体制において反対者を抑圧するために政府が利用してきた「インドネシア的なるもの」というイメージを批判するためである。

  • 村嶋 英治
    アジア太平洋討究
    2021年 41 巻 1-88
    発行日: 2021/03/25
    公開日: 2022/03/17
    研究報告書・技術報告書 フリー

    Oda Tokuno (1860–1911, Ikuta Tokuno before February 1891), a priest of the Shinshu Otani sect of Buddhism, arrived at Bangkok as the first Japanese student to study Thai Buddhism on 21st March 1888. His dispatch to Bangkok was decided suddenly after Phya Bhaskarawongse (1849–1920) and Japanese leading 3 monks exchanged their views on Buddhism at Rokumeikan, Tokyo on 10–11 February 1888. Phya Bhaskarawongse was sent to Tokyo by King Chualongkorn as the ambassador to exchange the instruments of ratification of the Declaration of Amity and Commerce. Not only was he the best intellectual of Siam at that period, he was familiar with Thai Buddhism and European Buddhist studies.

    In 1878 Phya Bhaskarawongse compiled and published ธรรมวินยานุศาสน (Thammawinayānusāsana, Handbook for Buddhist Beginners), probably the first printed handbook of Thai Buddhism.

    During the time of Tokuno’s stay in Siam, there were no Buddhist schools established and very few published books on Buddhism. Buddhist canons were still written in palm leaf in Khmer script. The King’s project of publishing Tripitaka in Thai script just started. Phra Wajirayan Bhikkhu (later King Rama Ⅳ) devised Ariyaka alphabet to write Pali text, however it was used only by a small number of Thammayut monks and did not spread widely. Phra Sasanasophon (Sa Pussathewo, 1813–1900, the abbot of Wat Rachapradit since 1865, The Supreme Patriarch of Thai Sangha from 1893 to 1900), a high disciple of Phra Wajirayan Bhikkhu, devised the method of writing Pali texts in Thai script and published a book, มคธภาสานุรูปสฺยามักฺขรวิธิ (Siamese orthography for Magadha (Pali) language) in 1869/70 at the publisher in front of Wat Rachapradit, probably the first Thai book published by Thai publisher.

    Both authors of early printed Thai Buddhist books, Rev. Phra Sasanasophon and Phya Bhaskarawongse played important roles in the King Chulalongkorn’s project to publish Tripitaka in Thai script which started on 22nd Dec. 1887 by the King’s address and completed in October 1893.

    Oda Tokuno returned to Japan 3 years before printed Tripitaka appeared.

    In Siam, Tokuno learned Thai language first at Phra Tamnak Suankularb School in the grand palace. At the same time he endeavored to read the Modern Buddhist by Henry Alabaster (1836–1884) comparing with a Thai book “Sadaeng Kitchanukit” lithographically printed on 21st Nov. 1867 by Chaophya Thiphakorawong (1813–1870). As the Modern Buddhist was a partial English translation of “Sadaeng Kitchanukit”, this comparison was helpful for Tokuno to understand Thai Buddhism.

    After returned to Kobe, Japan on 17th July 1890, Oda Tokunou published a Japanese book on Situations of Buddhism in Siam (Shyam Bukkyo Jijo) in February 1891. It is most systematically written introduction to Thai Buddhism in Japanese until today. Its only shortcoming is to idealize and describe the state of Thai Buddhism more than reality. The reason is probably because he did not ordain as a Theravada monk and were not familiar with real lives and practices of monks in Thai monasteries.

    Phya Bhaskarawongse offered Tokuno to ordain in Thammayut order by his patronage. However Tokuno declined it and did not return to Bangkok again.

    He belonged to Rev. Kaien Atsumi’s faction in Otani sect and struggled with Ishikawa Shundai’s faction fiercely. He was ousted from Otani sect under Ishikawa administration in November 1898, but restored monkhood status in April 1901.

    (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

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