Various Ti-fang-chih, newspapers, and researches into the early republican era of China show that, in the beginning of the 20th century, the farm products of Shantung Province were rapidly transformed from wheat, soybeans, and sorghum into cash-crops: tabacco, peanuts, and cotton. And, in 1910's, and 1920's, it has been held, the forced cultivation of the cash-crops upon the peasantry hindered development of capitalistic agricultural production there. Criticizing the common view mentioned above, Mr.Koichi Yoshida, in his article, "The Chinese Tabacco Cultivation in Shantung Province of the early 20th Century" (The Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Shizuoka Univ., Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Series, No. 28, 1977), insists that the management of those who cultivated the cash-crops was not a poverty-management, but an almost capitalistic management centering on the tobacco cultivation. I do not agree either to the common view or to Mr.Yoshida's opinion, because both of them treat only one side of the agricultural management in modern China. My proposition, derived from the results of various investigations, is as follows: in the villages of modern China, the factors toward and against capitalistic agricultural management are complicatedly related; and the two sides of opposition to and dependence on it can be seen in the agricultural management at this time. Trying to prove the proposition, I deal with the following three points: 1. Beginning and Progress of the Tobacco Cultivation in Modern China. 2. Its actual conditions in Shantung Province. 3. Activities of British-American Tobacco Campany China and of Commercial Capital in China. As materials for this paper, I use various researches made by Japanese in 1930's and 1940's as well as the results of the investigations of Chinese villages made by Japanese in 1910's and the investigation by Chen Han-Seng in 1930's (Industrial Capital and Chinese Peasant, Kelly and Walsh, Limited, 1939 ).

抄録全体を表示

This article discusses China's universal education in early Republican China, focusing on the Association for Popular Education 通俗教育会. At the time, many educators thought that the development of universal education would advance social reform, which would improve the nation. Because the weak central government was incapable of setting up an effective universal education system, many associations were established by local elite to promote universal education in local areas. For example, the Tianjin Social Education Office 天津社会教育辧事処 (TSEO) was established by the local people. By collecting contributions from intellectuals and merchants that interested in education, TSEO was active from 1915 to 1928 and realized many programs. Those activities included not only education (e. s., lectures, education for poor people in outdoor schools, publication of education magazines, organizing boy scout troops and the construetion of libraries and museums) but also social work (economic assistance to outdoor schools and to the unemployed). TSEO also reconstructed Confucian shrines and revived old Confucian customs, because its members believed that Confucian ideals could advance social morality. Therefore, the posture of TSEO was criticized by the New Culture Movement. It was due to contributions from many people supporting TSEO's ideals that it could become involved in so many kinds of activities. Because the aim of universal education was social evolution of China, the members of the associations for popular education basically did not resist the cultural reformation of the May Fourth period. That is to say, they did have their own view ofsocial evolution and their activities were very influential in the area of social education under the Nanjing regime from 1928 on.

抄録全体を表示